Relative Importance of the Area and Shape of Patches to the Diversity of Multiple Taxa

Abstract: Although enhancing reserve shape has been suggested as an alternative to enlarging nature reserves, the importance of reserve shape relative to reserve area remains unclear. Here we examined the relative importance of area and shape of forest patches to species richness, species composition, and species abundance (abundance of each species) for 3 taxa (33 birds, 41 butterflies, and 91 forest‐floor plants) in a fragmented landscape in central Hokkaido, northern Japan. We grouped the species according to their potential edge responses (interior‐, neutral‐, and edge‐species groups for birds and forest‐floor plants, woodland‐ and open‐land‐species groups for butterflies) and analyzed them separately. We used a shape index that was independent of area as an index of shape circularization. Hierarchical partitioning and variation partitioning revealed that patch area was generally more important than patch shape for species richness and species composition of birds and butterflies. For forest‐floor plants, effects of patch area and shape were small, whereas effects of local forest structure were large. Patch area and circularization generally increased abundances of interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants and woodland species of butterflies. Nevertheless, only patch circularization increased abundances of 1 woodland species of butterfly and 2 and 6 interior species of birds and forest‐floor plants, respectively. We did not find any significant interaction effects between patch area and shape. Our results suggest that although reserves generally should be large and circular, there is a trade‐off between patch area and shape, which should be taken into consideration when managing reserves.     

某污水处理厂方案设计简介

随着生活水平的不断提高,人们的环保意识正在逐渐增强,目前大中型城市建设污水处理集中设施十分普遍,但对于小城镇来说,如何选择经济、安全、稳定的污水处理工艺,是各主管部门和设计单位面临的迫切问题.虽然传统活性污泥工艺具有运行可靠、操作简便等特点,但由于其占地多、出水水质差,已不能适应当前国家越来越严格的出水水质排放标准.本文以某小型污水处理厂工艺选择为例,希望为有关人员提供借鉴.     

WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN WEST CENTRAL IRAN USING LANDSAT DATA1

ABSTRACT: Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the utility of Landsat data for detecting and analyzing hydrologic characteristics of an interior watershed of Iran that drains to Daryachehye-Namak (salt lake). This interior playa serves as the terminus for surface water discharging to it from the Karaj, Shur, Saveh, and Ghom Rivers and ground water from their underlying aquifers. These drainage systems encompass heavily populated and industrial sectors of west central Iran, including Tehran. The result of this investigation demonstrates the applicability of Landsat data for mapping and monitoring water regimen as an aid in interpreting hydrologic conditions throughout this arid region. Fluctuation of water area in a playa lake, occupying the lowest part of this closed basin, was monitored on repetitive Landsat coverage. As the result of field investigations combined with optical and digital analyses of the Landsat data, fluctuating water depths were determined in order to estimate the volume of water present in this lake during various seasons. A comparison between stream discharge rates and the estimated volume of standing water make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic regimen and to detect the significance of ground water discharge.     

弹性波法测试火灾后混凝土动弹性模量应用研究

混凝土动弹性模量是混凝土构件在动荷载作用下应力与应变的比值,是混凝土建筑物承受动荷载(包括地震荷载、冲击、爆炸)作用及灾害影响(火灾、酸雨侵蚀等)后,分析结构力学特性的一个重要参数,同时也是评价混凝土耐久性安全性的一个关键指标.该文对比介绍了基于冲击弹性波的动弹性模量测试方法、原理,并给出相关验证实例及对比材料.通过对...     

我国循环经济行业2013年发展综述

综述了2013年循环经济行业发展的政策环境及再生资源回收利用概况;重点分析了“城市矿产”建设发展,以及煤炭行业、石化行业、拆船行业的循环经济发展现状;针对行业发展中存在的主要问题提出了相关对策建议;对行业的发展进行了展望。     

加油站油气处理装置VOCs化学组成及二次污染生成贡献

加油站油气处理装置是控制埋地油罐油气压力并对油气进行回收处理的装置,测试分析油气处理装置进口和出口挥发性有机物(VOCs)化学组成,利用最大增量反应活性(MIR)和气溶胶生成系数(FAC)估算VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势(SOAP),量化评估其二次污染生成贡献.结果表明：(1)油气处理装置进口和出口ρ(TVOC)分别为436～706 g·m^-3和4.98～10.04 g·m^-3,VOCs排放主要为烷烃(72%±4%)、含氧有机物(14%±2%)和烯烃(11%±5%).不同处理工艺VOCs排放差异较小,关键物种均为异戊烷(约25%),其次为正丁烷、异丁烷和正戊烷.(2)油气处理装置出口排放的VOCs臭氧生成系数(SR值)为2.6～3.3 g·g^-1,OFP为3.5～25.6 g·m^-3,其中烯烃对OFP贡献率(43%～69%)最大,其次为烷烃(20%～35%)和含氧有机物(10%～22%),OFP主要贡献物种为丁烯、顺-2-丁烯、反-2-丁烯、异戊烷和丙醛.(3)油气处理装...     

Validating a Safety Climate Model in Metal Processing Industries: A Replication Study

This paper attempts to replicate a safety climate model originally tested in Australia to assess its applicability in a different context: namely, across production workers in 22 medium-sized metal processing organizations in Austria. The model postulates that safety knowledge and safety motivation mediate the relation between safety climate on the one hand and safety compliance and participation on the other. Self-report data from 1075 employees were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results of the replication study largely confirmed the original safety climate model. However, in addition to indirect effects, direct links between safety climate and actual safety behavior were found.     

Electronic version of the encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety as a source of definitions

PROBLEM: Continuous progress in the occupational safety and health field, as well as social-economic development, generates a need for access to definitions. Definitions are usually scattered in many sources and not easy to find. Electronic documents give new opportunity to information access. METHOD: As an experiment, the feasibility of automatic full-text searching of definitions was examined using the Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety, edited by the International Labour Organization (ILO), on CD-ROM. DISCUSSION: The results were compared with the traditional index search by subject, using the paper version of the encyclopedia. The automatic search appeared successful; about 100 definitions were excerpted the automatic way. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: As in most industries, finding accurate information is a necessity in the safety industry. The electronic document seems to be a powerful instrument as a source of definitions and can be quite easy to use by specialists as well as safety personnel in information processing.     

Analysis of 3-D Urban Databases with Respect to Pollution Dispersion for a Number of European and American Cities

Dispersion models require as input various geometrical parameters to calculate the flow field and dispersion characteristics in the urban environment. As a result of recent advances in digital photogrammetry and remote sensing, databases of the actual 3-D geometry of city centre areas are now increasingly available. In this work we outline a procedure to reduce this large amount of data to a structured input for urban pollution dispersion models, i.e. to extract the important flow and dispersion parameters from the urban databases. Based on a review of the scientific literature, we have identified a number of parameters relevant to the modelling of pollution dispersion and atmospheric flows in urban areas. These parameters are: the plan and frontal area densities, the plan and frontal area density as a function of height, the distribution of heights, their standard deviation, the aerodynamic roughness length and the sky view factor.These parameters are obtained by analysing urban Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) which are regularly spaced grids of elevation values. Examples of the parameters calculated from high-resolution databases (with pixel size of about 1 m) for three European (London, Toulouse and Berlin) and two North American (Salt Lake City and Los Angeles) cities are presented and discussed. The calculated aerodynamic roughness length was smaller for the European cities than for the North American ones. A multiplicative correction factor to the aerodynamic roughness length is proposed to include the effect of the variability of the building heights.     

MODELING NORTH CASCADES ANNUAL RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION USING DRAINAGE BASIN ELEVATION DISTRIBUTION1

ABSTRACT: The annual distribution of flow in a drainage basin within a given region is a function of many factors. These may include annual distribution of rainfall, basin orientation, ground cover, or presence of glaciers. Since the North Cascades region of northern Washington State has little variation in precipitation distribution by month, and the region has significant snowpack, one would predict that in an unregulated basin, basin elevation would be one of the most important factors impacting an annual hydrograph distribution. Such a prediction can be made since the higher a drainage basin is, the larger the portion of runoff that would occur as late spring snowmelt. Given that there is a relationship between elevation distribution and annual hydrograph, the problem becomes one of how to use this relationship to model an ungaged basin's hydrograph. This study concludes that, within the North Cascades region and perhaps within other regions, an effective method of determining annual flow distribution is to model ungaged flows in the same manner as flows from a gaged basin with an elevation distribution similar to that of the subject basin.