腈纶废丝的化学处理及产物的应用(续一)

(接上期)2 2 2　合成絮凝剂刘宇、褚庆辉[9] 使腈纶废丝与双氰双胺(DCD)在N ,N -二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的溶液中充分混合,在碱性条件下,升温到1 0 0℃,剧烈搅拌,反应4h后用盐酸中和,水洗,于5 0℃恒温下干燥过夜,制得絮凝剂PAN -DCD ,产品为黄色粉末,产率为89 7%,特性粘数为1 0 65ml/g(二甲基亚砜溶液,2 0℃)。该絮凝剂既可用于分散性染料废水的处理,也可用于阳离子染料废水的处理。图4即为PAN -DCD与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)及I-DA有机高分子絮凝剂对分散性染料脱色率的对照实验的除色率曲线。图4　三种絮凝剂用量对分散性染料废水脱色效…     

Advanced post-processing and correlation analyses in high-velocity air–water flows

The interest in air–water flows has not diminished in recent years, but it is accompanied by frequent citations of early, sometimes outdated articles. A basic issue is the inadequate, incomplete interpretation of air–water flow instrumentation by hydraulic engineers and researchers. This article comments on high-velocity air–water flow measurements by means of intrusive phase detection probes. This article focus on the bubbly flow structure of high-velocity air–water flow based upon measurements by means of intrusive phase detection probes. It is shown that some advanced post-processing techniques may yield expanded information on the air–water turbulent flow properties and bubbly flow structures. The outcomes demonstrate simple techniques in high-velocity air–water flow analysis.     

农业产业走向市场的成功之路—镇江产加销一条龙,贸工农一体化经营的调查

镇江市不断深化农业经营机制改革，大力发展产加销一条龙，贸工农一体化经营，把一家一户农民家庭小生产同国内外大市场有机联系起来，提高了农民的组织程度和专业化生产水平，协调了一二三产业间经济利益，建立了新的经济关系的优质，高产，高效，高创汇的市场产农业及新型组织管理体系，加快了农业生产社会化，产业化，市场化，现代化进程，使农业产业走向市场迈出了可喜的一步。     

Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation ofChromobacterium violaceum,processing, and characterization of the homopolyester

A fed-batch process was developed, which allowed biotechnological production of the homopolyester poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) [poly(3HV)], in a mineral salts medium containing valeric acid as carbon source and complex nutrients as supplements byChromobacterium violaceum at a 10- and 300-L fermentation scale. This process yielded up to 40 g dry cell matter per L fermentation broth, and the cells contained up to 70% (w/w) poly(3HV). Poly(3HV), which was extracted from the cells with chloroform and was precipitated from this solvent with ethanol, was processed to test bars by injection molding or by press processing and to fibers by melt spinning. The unprocessed and processed poly(3HV) material was characterized with respect to the molecular weight and with respect to thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties. It was shown that it is possible to process biodegradable poly(3HV) thermoplastically and to obtain a polymer suitable for applications with low strength requirements.     

Processing and mechanical properties of biodegradable Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-starch compositions

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) is a completely biodegradable thermoplastic polyester produced by microbial fermentation. The current market price of PHBV is significantly higher than that of commodity plastics such as polyethylene and polystyrene. It is therefore desirable to develop low-cost PHBV based materials to improve market opportunities for PHBV. We have produced low-cost environmentally compatible materials by blending PHBV with granular starch and environmentally benign CaCO₃. Such materials can be used for specific applications where product biodegradability is a key factor and where certain mechanical properties can be compromised at the expense of lower cost. The inclusion of granular starch (25 wt%) and CaCO₃ (10 wt%) in a PHBV matrix (8% HV, 5% plasticizer) reduces the cost by approximately 40% and has a tensile strength of 16 MPa and flexural modulus of 2.0 Gpa, while the unfilled PHBV/plasticizer matrix has a tensile strength of 27 MPa and a flexural modulus of 1.6 GPa.Paper presented at the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society—Third National Meeting, June 6–8, 1994, Boston, Massachusetts.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Nectar-receiver behavior in relation to the reward rate experienced by foraging honeybees

Since forager honeybees change their food-unloading behavior according to nectar-source profitability, an experiment was performed in order to analyze whether food-receivers modify their within-hive tasks related to different reward conditions. We offered individual foragers two reward conditions at a rate feeder while an additional feeder offered a constant reward and was of free access to the rest of the hive. Both feeders were the only food sources exploited by the colony during the assays since a flight chamber was used. After receiving nectar, hive bees performed processing cycles that involved several behaviors and concluded when they returned to the delivery area to receive a new food sample. During these cycles, receivers mainly performed oral contacts offering food, or inspected cells, and often both. In the latter case, both behaviors occurred simultaneously and at the same distance from the hive entrance. When they performed a single task, either the occurrence of cell inspections increased or contact offerings decreased for the highest reward rate offered to the donor-forager. Receivers also begged for food more often after interacting with low-profit foragers. Thus, the profitability of the food source exploited by nectar-forager honeybees could affect receiver behaviors within the hives based on individual-to-individual interactions.Communicated by R.F.A. Moritz     

基于数字图像处理的含孔洞裂纹花岗岩破裂过程数值模拟

在细观尺度上,采用数字图像处理技术表征花岗岩中由石英、长石和云母等材料的形状、大小及分布对花岗岩材料造成的非均匀性,结合RFPA-DIP程序建立了能准确反映材料真实细观结构的含缺陷花岗岩数值模型,并进行了常规单轴压缩模拟试验,再现了外载荷作用下含缺陷花岗岩的真实破裂过程。试验结果表明:花岗岩的预制孔洞裂纹对其最终破坏产生了重要影响;在单轴压缩试验中,由于花岗岩中各矿物颗粒不同的力学特性影响,试件中出现应力集中现象并萌生局部裂纹,且细观结构直接决定着裂纹的扩展路径,各局部裂纹的贯通导致试件最终产生拉伸破坏。     

飞机客舱安全疏散影响因素研究

为提高和优化民航客机安全疏散效率,选取出口个数、出口位置、出口宽度和过道宽度四个因素,基于steering模型构建仿真模型,分析不同因素对疏散效率的影响。结果表明,前后出口疏散效率优于中间出口,且出口大于3个时,增加出口对疏散效率影响不显著;出口宽度从50cm增加到65cm,疏散效率提升明显,大于65cm之后,对疏散影响不显著;过道宽度设置为70cm较为合理;客舱前后区域疏散时间差异明显,前部疏散明显快于后部;通过优化客舱布局,设置合理的结构参数,消除了过道和出口瓶颈,并显著提升了客舱人员疏散效率。     

Effect of shape of nanoparticle on heat transfer and entropy generation of nanofluid-jet impingement cooling

ABSTRACT

Al₂O₃/water nanofluid has been numerically examined for the first time with different nanoparticle shapes including, cylindrical, blade, brick, platelet and spherical, on the flat and triangular-corrugated impinging surfaces. The volume fractions of 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% nanoparticles have been used. The Reynolds number is between 100–500 depending on the slot diameter. The finite volume method is utilized to determine the governing equations. The study is analyzed to determine how the flow features, heat transfer features and entropy production were affected by the diversity of nanoparticle shape, nanoparticle volume fraction, and shape of impinging surface. Darcy friction factor and Nusselt number are studied in detail for different conditions. The temperature contours are presented in the case of different nanoparticle volume fractions, nanoparticle shapes and both impinging surfaces. The results of the study suggest that the nanoparticle shape of the platelet shows the highest heat transfer development due to the thinner thermal boundary layer. Heat transfer augments with increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles. In addition, the study is consistent with the results of the literature on heat transfer and flow properties.     

超高速撞击下空间碎片形状效应研究进展

在对国内外超高速撞击条件下空间碎片形状效应研究技术路线进行分析的基础上,介绍了近年来国内外研究人员在超高速撞击条件下形状效应领域的研究现状和最新进展,并立足国内航天器空间碎片防护工程需求现状,结合研究现状和最新进展,探讨了我国未来在超高速撞击条件下空间碎片形状效应研究领域的发展方向。