隧道火灾纵向通风下羽流触顶区温度变化研究

根据Boussinesq相似性,利用流体力学基本方程,建立隧道火灾羽流三维模型,并借助量纲分析方法,推导了触顶区温升公式.在假设的隧道模型下,通过改变火源功率和纵向风速设计了多个算例,利用温升公式进行计算,并与场模拟结果比较,归纳了触顶区温度的变化规律.结果表明,同一火源功率下,触顶区温度随纵向风速增加而降低,并趋于一稳定值,其大小约为最高温度的1/3.还对温降过程中的突变现象进行了分析,讨论了中心低温区及不同羽流对温度的影响.最后对火灾救援的通风策略提出了建议.     

大型公共场所火灾风险评价指标体系(Ⅰ)--火灾事故因果分析

选择1998—2004年《中国火灾统计年鉴》中大型公共场所特大火灾事故的案例76起，结合事件树、故障树分析方法，分析了我国大型公共场所火灾事故的原因，得出了大型公共场所火灾事故因果分析图。     

重大突发事件应急管理的新思考——以“4.20”雅安地震为例

为了减少重大突发事件造成的损失,以"4.20"雅安地震为例,分析了重大突发事件具有突发性强、影响范围大且后果严重、救援紧迫性强、参与主体多元化等特点。与汶川地震比较,雅安地震在救灾反应速度、救灾手段和救灾效率3个方面有比较大的进步,但也存在管理混乱、信息混乱、角色混乱等问题。在此基础上,阐述了面对重大突发事件时值得人们思考的问题,为类似事件应急管理提供参考与思路。     

一种通用的生命线工程网络事件空间聚类分析算法

网络事件空间聚类分析可发现供水、排水、燃气、电力等生命线工程爆管、漏损事件的高发区域。生命线工程事件由网络边约束,可抽象为网络事件。若不考虑网络拓扑关系,将产生网络事件空间聚类结果与实际分类不符的问题。基于事件网络距离,提出了一种通用的网络事件空间聚类方法,给出了核心概念的形式化定义以及算法描述,可广泛应用于生命线工程事件高发区域的发现,具有较强的实用性。并结合供水管网生命线工程爆管事件高发区域分析实例,给出算法参数的确定原则和范围,验证了所提出的算法的有效性。     

Risk assessment of rare events

Rare events often result in large impacts and are hard to predict. Risk analysis of such events is a challenging task because there are few directly relevant data to form a basis for probabilistic risk assessment. Due to the scarcity of data, the probability estimation of a rare event often uses precursor data. Precursor-based methods have been widely used in probability estimation of rare events. However, few attempts have been made to estimate consequences of rare events using their precursors. This paper proposes a holistic precursor-based risk assessment framework for rare events. The Hierarchical Bayesian Approach (HBA) using hyper-priors to represent prior parameters is applied to probability estimation in the proposed framework. Accident precursor data are utilized from an information theory perspective to seek the most informative precursor upon which the consequence of a rare event is estimated. Combining the estimated probability and consequence gives a reasonable assessment of risk. The assessed risk is updated as new information becomes available to produce a dynamic risk profile. The applicability of the methodology is tested through a case study of an offshore blowout accident. The proposed framework provides a rational way to develop the dynamic risk profile of a rare event for its prevention and control.     

Resilience assessment of chemical industrial areas during Natech-related cascading multi-hazards

In chemical industrial areas, technological accidents triggered by natural events (Natech events) may escalate. Complex cascading multi-hazard scenarios with high uncertainties may be caused. Resilience is an essential property of a system to withstand and recover from disruptive events. The present study focuses on the change of the resilience level due to (possible) interactions between cascading hazards, chemical installations and safety barriers during the dynamic evolution of fire escalations triggered by a natural hazard (certain cascading multi-hazard scenarios). A quantitative resilience assessment method is developed to this end. The state transition of a system facing accidents in the context of resilience is explored. Moreover, the uncertainties accompanying an accident evolution are quantified using a Dynamic Bayesian Network, allowing a detailed analysis of the system performance in different time steps. System resilience is measured as a time-dependent function with respect to the change of system performance. The applicability of the proposed methodology is demonstrated by a case study, and the effects of different configurations of safety barriers on improving resilience are discussed. The results are valuable to support disaster prevention within chemical industrial areas.     

Practical safety management for small or medium enterprises

The article is intended for those who are not safety professionals but are responsible for safety management in a small or medium enterprise (SME) of the process industry. It assumes that a SME is loosely coupled and of low complexity and has a small number of major hazards present in it. The article describes Elementary Safety Management (ESM) as a combination of activities that maintain openness to safety impulses with Elementary Risk Control (ERC). ERC uses four milestones and three rules to get to the necessary and sufficient selection of control measures, which will achieve an acceptable level of risk. To make the ESM scheme as simple as possible, the term causal event is used, which is derived from the term causal factor. Practical Safety Management (PrSM) adds to the ESM the knowledge and skills that a person, who is supposed to design and implement a safety management system, needs. The PrSM procedure is developed to identify optimum controls. The procedure recognizes the unavoidable role of commitment to safety, respects the role of hazard identification, and integrates prospective and retrospective analyses and current knowledge of safety management systems. Examples of application of the procedure are given in the article.     

Development of injury risk models to guide CT evaluation in the emergency department after motor vehicle collisions

Abstract

Objective: The clinical evaluation of motor vehicle collision (MVC) victims is challenging and commonly relies on computed tomography (CT) to detect internal injuries. CT scans are financially expensive and each scan exposes the patient to additional ionizing radiation with an associated, albeit low, risk of cancer. Injury risk prediction based on regression modeling has been to be shown to be successful in estimating Injury Severity Scores (ISSs). The objective of this study was to (1) create risk models for internal injuries of occupants involved in MVCs based on CT body regions (head, neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, cervical spine, thoracic spine, and lumbar spine) and (2) evaluate the performance of these risk prediction models to predict internal injury.

Methods: All Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2008 injury codes were classified based on which CT body region would be necessary to scan in order to make the diagnosis. Cases were identified from the NASS-CDS. The NASS-CDS data set was queried for cases of adult occupants who sought medical care and for which key crash characteristics were all present. Forward stepwise logistic regression was performed on data from 2010–2014 to create models predicting risk of internal injury for each CT body region. Injury risk for each region was grouped into 5 levels: very low (<2%), low (2–5%), medium (5–10%), high (10–20%), and very high (20%). The models were then tested using weighted data from 2015 in order to determine whether injury rates fell within the predicted risk level.

Results: The inclusion and exclusion criteria identified 5,477 cases in the NASS-CDS database. Cases from 2010–2014 were used for risk modeling (n?=?4,826). Seven internal injury risk models were created based on the CT body regions using data from 2010–2014. These models were tested against data from 2015 (n?=?651). In all CT body regions, the majority of occupants fell in the very low or low predicted injury rate groups, except for the head. On average, 57% of patients were classified as very low risk and 15% as low risk for each body region. In most cases the actual rate of injury was within the predicted injury risk range. The 95% confidence interval overlapped with predicting injury risk range in all cases.

Conclusion: This study successfully demonstrated the ability for internal injury risk models to accurately identify occupants at low risk for internal injury in individual body regions. This represents a step towards incorporating telemetry data into a clinical tool to guide physicians in the use of CT for the evaluation of MVC victims.     

基于ISM—CRITIC法的通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素分析

为了研究通用航空可控飞行撞地的影响因素,提出针对性的预防措施,采用基元事件分析法对中国民航安全办公室不安全数据库中2006—2015年间发生的30起通用航空可控飞行撞地事件进行分析,建立通用航空可控飞行撞地影响因素体系;运用解释结构模型对影响因素进行两两对比分析,建立3层阶梯有向模型;运用CRITIC法计算各影响因素权重并排序。结果表明:影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件的表层直接原因分别是注意力分配不当、违反标准运行程序、安全意识淡薄、应急能力弱、导航设备失效、发动机失效、其他天气意外、飞行保障不利和组织混乱;中层间接原因分别是驾驶技能不足、航前准备不足、机组资源管理欠缺、地形复杂、能见度和光线刺激;深层根本原因分别是疲劳驾驶、公司违规和违法组织飞行;影响通用航空可控飞行撞地事件发生的主要因素分别是飞行保障不利和组织混乱、航前准备不足、安全意识淡薄、驾驶技能不足和违反标准运行程序。     

沙尘天气发生频率对大气能见度方差的影响研究:以北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点为例

利用1971～2000年北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点日能见度和各种沙尘天气发生日资料,分析了沙尘天气发生频率与能见度方差的关系.发现当沙尘天气频率减少(增加)1次时,能见度方差就偏强(偏弱)1个标准差.沙尘天气发生频率对日能见度变率的影响主要是通过风速的高频变率实现的,当风速变率偏强(偏弱)1个标准差时,沙尘天气发生频率增强(减弱)约30%,近地面风场的高频变率影响了沙尘天气的产生,从而影响日能见度方差的波动.异常低能见度事件(日能见度距平<-2σ,σ为各站各日能见度距平的标准差)频次与能见度方差之间存在显著的正相关性.风速距平频次增加,使得沙尘天气发生频次增加,从而导致低能见度事件频次上升;反之,异常低能见度事件下降.浮尘、沙尘暴和扬沙与低能见度事件的相关程度是不同的.