污染物总量控制制度创新与未来发展的思考

为解决污染物总量控制制度创新及与排污许可制的关系,探索我国未来水环境总量控制制度的发展方向,对美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区以及我国水污染控制的发展历程进行了回顾和对比研究.结果表明:①控制污染物排放总量是改善水环境质量的根本措施,排污许可制是水环境管理的核心手段.②我国水污染总量控制研究起始于20世纪70年代末的容量总量控制研究,先后经历了理论探索、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段,在管理上则经历了排污许可制试行阶段、制度探索阶段、总量控制目标责任制阶段.③我国目前实施的总量控制仍然是目标总量控制,难以与地表水质直接挂钩.对我国水环境保护形势和相关法律政策的研究表明,我国从污染源达标排放控制1.0时代、目标总量控制2.0时代,逐步进入容量总量控制3.0时代的条件已基本成熟.建议以排污许可制作为推进总量控制3.0的重要抓手,完善相关制度建设,严格问责机制,确保容量总量控制的真正落实.      

气候对我国城市居民氟摄入量的影响

对中国19个城市的供水氟含量与当地居民尿氟含量进行了检测,并对检测当月的平均气候资料和口腔健康资料与之进行相关分析。研究表明,低于18℃的月平均气温对我国城市居民氟的摄入量基本没有影响;当月平均气温高于18℃时,随着气温的升高,我国城市居民氟的摄入量会随饮水量的增加而上升,反映了我国城市居民主要依靠饮用水摄取氟。对于平均相对湿度来说,月平均相对湿度超过80%会对我国城市居民氟的摄入量产生影响。     

北疆部分区域土壤pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量调查

对北疆4个区域土壤的pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量状况进行了调查和评价。监测结果表明,调查区的pH为7.20-10.58,多属于碱性至强碱性土壤;可溶性总盐量为0.012％。12.834％,多属于中度盐渍化土壤;土壤表层有机质含量为0.16％-21.09％,1-6级土壤均含有机质,总体水平相对较低,但山区土壤中有机质含量较高。部分农田存在土壤次生盐渍化重、肥力低的问题。古尔班通古特沙漠中的风沙土等具有盐渍化轻、肥力低的特点。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION,KEZAR LAKE,NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.     

便梁施工时铁路轨道安全性试验研究

为了保证列车在铁路便梁施工时安全运行,需要对铁路轨道的安全性进行研究。首先要对列车进行3个阶段的测试,即限速阶段、试验车测试阶段、监测阶段,测试每个阶段中钢轨的内、外轨垂直力和横向力;然后计算出脱轨系数和轮重减载率,测试轨头位移,计算出轨距弹性挤开量。根据试验结果,对行车安全进行评估,同时全过程监控行车安全,为以后铁路便梁施工时提高列车限速、保证列车行车安全提供重要技术参数,具有重要意义。     

河水紫外线消毒的研究

本文对河水紫外线消毒进行了研究，得到了水的浊度，水层厚度以及辐射时间与总大肠菌群存活率之间的相关关系，试验结果表明，当浊度≤１２度，水层厚度≤７２ｍｍ辐射时间为５分钟时，消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群数≤３个／Ｌ，并且电耗为０．２９ｋｗ／ｍ＾３，该试验结果可作为工程设计的依据。     

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON USE OF LAKE SURVEY DATA1

Summer lake survey measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLa) from 188 reserviors and natural lakes in the midwest were analyzed to determine the magnitude of major sources of variability. Median variance among replicate samples collected at the same location and time was about 7-8 percent of the mean for both TP and CHLa. Median observed temporal variability within summers was 27 percent of the mean for TP and 45 percent of the mean for CHLa. Median values of year-to-year variance in average TP and CHLa were 22 percent and 31 percent of the mean, respectively. A range of approximately two orders of magnitude was observed among individual estimates of variance in each of these categories. The magnitude of observed temporal variability was affected only slightly by variance among replicate samples on individual days and was weakly correlated with the length of time during which samples were collected from individual lakes. Observed temporal variation was similar between reservoirs and natural lakes when variances were calculated with logtransformed data. The magnitude of temporal and year-to-year variance can severely limit the power of statistical comparisons of TP and CHLa means, but has less effect on establishing relative rankings of lake means, Sources and relative magnitude of variability are important in the use of TP and CHLa data in regression models and in the planning of lake surveys and subsequent data analysis.     

SO2排污权交易在中国的发展与挑战

回顾了大气污染物排放总量控制和排污权交易在中国发展的历程.通过对美国SO2排放总量控制和排污权交易核心要素的分析,揭示了目前中国在排污权交易政策方面的欠缺.指出了排污权交易政策是帮助中国完成"十一五"计划环境目标的有效手段.     

区域环评中大气环境容量估算的研究进展

综述了大气污染物区域环境容量的主要影响因素、用于其计算的空气质量模型以及大气环境容量的研究步骤。现阶段应用较广泛的大气环境容量的预测模型有A-P值法模型、箱模型、线性优化模型、ADMS模型及多种模型相结合的复合模式等，通过研究分析，提出了存在的主要问题及其有效的解决途径。     

关于饮水机水细菌污染及使用若干问题探讨

为了解冷热两用饮水机所供水的细菌污染情况，对新出厂的饮用纯净水、饮水机中冷水、未沸水和沸水、桶中水等不同水样中细菌总数和大肠菌群分别进行了检测分析。结果表明，未沸水灭菌情况不稳定，沸水灭菌效果很好；随时间推移，纯净水中的细菌总数呈递增趋势，并且增长速度较快，其污染源主要来自空气和饮水机本身，特别是饮水机内胆的污染不容忽视。所有水样中均未检出大肠菌群。