上海霾与非霾期间大气颗粒物光学特性垂直分布特征和质量浓度对比研究

采用美国国家航空航天局的云-气溶胶激光雷达红外开拓者卫星搭载的正交极化云-气溶胶激光雷达数据产品,包括消光系数、光学厚度、总后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,结合地面监测的颗粒物质量浓度,分析上海大气相对湿度小于80%霾发生期间气溶胶光学属性的垂直分布特征和颗粒物质量浓度变化,并与非霾期间进行比较.结果表明:霾期间532 nm和1064 nm消光系数在垂直高度上(海拔:0~10 km)均大于非霾期间,且大多数霾期间颗粒物在整层大气的光学厚度大于非霾期间.在近地面,霾期间大气颗粒物散射能力大于非霾期间.各垂直高度层,霾与非霾期间小粒径和规则气溶胶占主导地位.霾期间近地面大粒径颗粒物在霾期间所占比例大于非霾期间;2.0~4.0 km高度层,霾和非霾期间细颗粒所占比例接近;4.0~10.0 km高度层,霾期间细颗粒气溶胶所占比例大于非霾期间.PM1、PM2.5和PM10质量浓度在霾期间均大于非霾期间,且霾期间细颗粒物所占比例明显增加.颗粒物质量浓度和比值PM1/PM2.5和PM2.5/PM10分别随霾污染程度的加重而升高.冬季颗粒物质量浓度最高,主要来自细颗粒物的贡献;而春季PM10质量浓度高于其它季节.     

高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的优化设计研究(Ⅱ)——应用

根据作者先前提出的优化模型及基于成本-效益准则的优化设计流程,以多目标遗传算法为搜索引擎,运用MATLAB语言开发了高层RC框架结构基于成本-效益准则的自动优化程序。研究结果表明,程序所产生的设计方案具有多样性、可选择性、业主主动参与性及可依靠经验等特点。     

氚钛靶放射源在离子迁移气相色谱仪中的应用及其电离辐射环境影响分析

本文以成都科亿达自动化工程有限公司气象色谱实验室GC-2000离子迁移气相色谱仪为例,简要分析了氚钛靶放射源在气象色谱实验中的应用,并通过监测数据分析其电离辐射环境影响.     

Photochemical Behavior of Parathion in the Presence of Humic Acids from Different Origins

This paper reports the effect of ultraviolet radiation on the degradation of pesticide ethyl parathion in the presence of humic acids. Ethyl parathion was completely degraded in 300 min using an artificial lamp of 7.41 × 10^{? 10} einstein/s. Humic acid from peat did not influence the photochemical rate (k = 8.92 × 10^?3 min). However, in the presence of aquatic humic acid, the photochemical rate was higher (11.5 × 10^?3 min). The analytical determinations show the presence of p-nitrophenol and aminophenol in the reaction medium during the photochemical experiments. The kinetic of degradation in all experiments obeyed a first-order reaction pattern.     

浅谈水质中总氮测定的影响因素

从地表水总氮测定中需要注意的要素入手,就实验室用水、试剂影响、器皿影响、操作过程、消解温度、消解时间以及消解冷却时间和实验环境条件的控制等方面的要求进行了简要论述,以化繁为简的思路指导今后的总氮测定工作。     

Assessing the strength of climate and land-use influences on montane epiphyte communities

Epiphytes, air plants that are structurally dependent on trees, are a keystone group in tropical forests; they support the food and habitat needs of animals and influence water and nutrient cycles. They reach peak diversity in humid montane forests. Climate predictions for Central American mountains include increased temperatures, altered precipitation seasonality, and increased cloud base heights, all of which may challenge epiphytes. Although remaining montane forests are highly fragmented, many tropical agricultural systems include trees that host epiphytes, allowing epiphyte communities to persist even in landscapes with lower forest connectivity. I used structural equations models to test the relative effects of climate, land use, tree characteristics, and biotic interactions on vascular epiphyte diversity with data from 31 shade coffee farms and 2 protected forests in northern Nicaragua. I also tested substrate preferences of common species with randomization tests. Tree size, tree diversity, and climate all affected epiphyte richness, but the effect of climate was almost entirely mediated by bryophyte cover. Bryophytes showed strong sensitivity to mean annual temperature and insolation. Many ferns and some orchids were positively associated with bryophyte mats, whereas bromeliads tended to establish among lichen or on bare bark. The tight relationships between bryophytes and climate and between bryophytes and vascular epiphytes indicated that relatively small climate changes could result in rapid, cascading losses of montane epiphyte communities. Currently, shade coffee farms can support high bryophyte cover and diverse vascular epiphyte assemblages when larger, older trees are present. Agroforests serve as valuable reservoirs for epiphyte biodiversity and may be important early-warning systems as the climate changes.     

流动注射分析法测定底质中总磷的研究

在一定的温度下,用硫酸和高氯酸进行消解,使不溶性磷酸盐和有机磷转化为正磷酸盐进入溶液.酸性条件下,待测液在酒石酸锑钾的催化下,与钼酸铵反应生成磷钼酸化合物.该化合物与抗坏血酸反应生成蓝色络合物.该络合物在880 nm比色.实验结果表明,底质中的总磷的RSD＜ 2％,回收率91％～103％,精密度和准确度满足实验要求.因此,流动注射分析法适用于底质中总磷的监测.     

小麦生长周期中土壤Cu的迁移转化实验研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤Cu添加浓度下,在小麦生长不同时期,小麦根区土壤与非根区土壤中总量Cu和有效态Cu的浓度,以此揭示其迁移转化特征。研究发现:小麦生长可以对土壤中的Cu进行吸收,拔节期小麦吸收能力最强;Cu添加有利于小麦对土壤中Cu的吸收,在试验水平下,添加浓度越高促进作用越明显,在200 mg/kg Cu添加浓度下,成熟期土壤中Cu含量较幼苗期减少了79%;小麦生长使土壤中有效态Cu占总量Cu的比重增加,并且使非根区土壤中Cu向根区土壤迁移。     

城市区域大气环境与各天气状况下的辐射特征

以低纬高原城市昆明为研究对象，分析了各种天气状况下城市内，外不同波长辐射的分布特征，变化规律及其差异，得出１．造成城内外差异的主要原因午前是大气污染状况，而在污染程度较小的午后，则是天气状况；２．各波长辐射日总量对午前总量的分配率受大气环境和天气状况的影响，城内外差异十分显著；３．红外和紫外辐射的百分率值均大于大气上界的百分率值，而可见光则反之；各辐射百分率城内外差值午前午后显相反分布。     

细水雾幕衰减热辐射的数值模拟研究

针对现有防火分隔技术的不足,以细水雾幕作为新的防火分隔技术,开展了不同细水雾幕雾特性对衰减热辐射影响的数值模拟研究。通过建立长通道模型,在火源和被保护物体中间设置细水雾幕系统,测量有无细水雾幕及不同细水雾特性条件下被保护侧温度及热辐射强度值,来定性定量研究细水雾幕衰减热辐射的效率。模拟结果表明:细水雾幕可以很好的降低被保护侧空间的温度和热辐射强度;衰减热辐射效率随雾滴粒径的减小,喷雾流量的增大,喷头排数增加而增大;另外,其衰减热辐射效率与喷头布置方式有关,上喷方式明显优于下喷方式。研究结果将对现有防火分隔技术的改善提供帮助和技术支持。