四海龙湾表层沉积物中有机质的组成特征及其源解析

为研究玛珥湖四海龙湾表层沉积物中有机质的组成特征及来源,采集四海龙湾表层沉积物样品,并对其中的有机质进行了分析. 结果表明,四海龙湾表层沉积物中w(TOC)(TOC为总有机碳)为6.7%、w(TN)为0.6%、δ13C_org(TOC同位素丰度)为-28.0‰、δ15N_total(TN同位素丰度)为2.2‰. 可溶性有机质主要包括脂肪烃、脂肪醇、脂肪酸和GDGTs(甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂)等,其中脂肪酸是可溶性有机质的主要组分,约占可溶性有机质总量的68.8%,主要来源于内源性的藻类和厌氧菌; 脂肪烃主要来源于陆源的C3木本植物;结合态脂肪醇具有明显的内源来源特征,而游离态脂肪醇却呈现陆源来源特征. 四海龙湾沉积物中含有丰富的GDGTs,主要来源于陆源土壤,包括支链类GDGTs和类异戊二烯类GDGTs,其中类异戊二烯类GDGTs以GDGTⅣ和GDGTⅤ为主,但其在四海龙湾沉积物中的含量相对较小. 研究显示,四海龙湾流域陆源是沉积物中可溶性有机质的主要来源,陆源有机质的大量流入改变了四海龙湾的营养水平;不同种类可溶性有机质表现出不同的来源特征,这主要是由于微生物对不同种类有机质降解速率的不同所致,并且导致降解所产生的二次有机质数量也不同.      

全要素视角下中国西部地区能源效率及影响因素

将非期望产出纳入到投入产出指标体系中,运用超效率DEA方法测算出2003~2012年中国29省区的全要素能源效率,利用Malmquist指数对西部地区全要素能源效率变动进行分解,并应用Tobit模型研究了西部地区全要素能源效率的影响因素.结果表明:西部地区全要素能源效率远低于东部地区,也略低于中部地区,说明西部地区整体能源利用效率较低;西部地区省际间全要素能源效率存在明显差异,但这种内部差异近年来逐步缩小;西部地区全要素能源效率在样本期间整体呈下降趋势,技术进步、纯技术效率变化、规模效率变化对全要素能源效率都有显著影响,技术退步是导致西部地区全要素能源效率下降的主要原因;产业结构优化和技术进步对提高全要素能源效率有积极作用,而能源价格和煤炭消费比重对全要素能源效率有负向影响.     

湿地芦苇光谱对富营养化响应的多尺度高光谱遥感研究

近年来大多数滨海河口湿地都受到了人类活动的影响,水体富营养化加剧的问题造成了深远的影响,亟待在不同时空尺度上以快速、稳定、准确的途径监测滨海河口水体富营养化。论文采用能够提取植被氮吸收特征细微变化的高光谱遥感技术,基于3个时相的野外实验测量数据和HJ-1A HSI高光谱遥感数据,在叶片、冠层和景观3种尺度上,研究湿地芦苇的高光谱特征对滨海河口水体氮素浓度变化的时空响应特性,以此避免营养物质脉冲效应导致的错误水体富营养化水平评估结论。研究结果表明：在叶片和冠层尺度,邻近不同氮浓度的水体,湿地芦苇的光谱特征存在差异。而且,所采用的高光谱植被指数能够对邻近水体氮浓度的变化作出响应,各指数与水体氮浓度的相关性在冠层比叶片尺度有所降低,其中TCARI/OSAVI指数与水体氮浓度的相关性较高（叶片尺度R²为0.73,冠层尺度R²为0.7）;在景观尺度,采用基于Bootstrap的SVM模型,构建高光谱指数TCARI/OSAVI的水体总氮浓度估算模型,应用于3个时相HJ-1A HSI高光谱图像。精度检验显示,估算值和实测值之间存在较好的相关性（R²=0.61,RMSE=2.96 mg/L）。综合叶片、冠层和景观3种尺度的研究结果,证明湿地植被的高光谱响应特征可用于滨海河口水体氮浓度的时空分布估算,进而可以指示湿地所在区域水体富营养化水平的变化状况。     

基于DEA和Malmquist指数的煤矿安全投入效率评价

为了系统的评价煤矿安全投入效率,采用DEA（数据包络分析）方法,选取我国1991~2010年煤矿安全投入产出数据构建DEA模型,其中煤矿安全投入指标为采煤机械化程度、工程技术人员百分比、颁布煤矿安全法规数和行业标准,产出指标为煤矿百万吨死亡率。根据构建的DEA模型对每年的效率进行分析和评价,并提出建议。同时运用Malmquist指数（全要素生产力指数）对煤矿安全投入效率进行分解研究。研究结果表明,从静态上看,我国仅有1993年和2010年当年的煤矿安全投入和产出都达到了最优状态,并且随着煤矿安全投入逐年增加,煤矿安全投入技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率逐年提升。从动态上看,我国煤矿安全投入Malmquist指数的提高对技术的依赖很明显,无论是技术进步还是技术效率的提高都会相应的提高Malmquist指数。     

含固率和接种比对叶菜类蔬菜垃圾厌氧消化的影响

通过叶菜类蔬菜垃圾中温批式厌氧消化实验,比较了含固率(3%、5%、7%)和接种比(1.5、2.5、3.5)对产甲烷效果的联合影响.结果表明,在研究实验参数范围内,含固率越低、接种比越高,越有利于缩短产甲烷反应迟滞期,平均日产甲烷速率越快.经过52d的培养,在含固率为3%、接种比为3.5的工况中,平均日产甲烷速率最快,达到9.5mL/(gVS?d),日最大产甲烷速率最快,达到49.8mL/(gVS?d),最早进入快速产甲烷期.当接种比为3.5时,随着含固率的升高,产甲烷速率下降,迟滞期延长,但单位底物累计产甲烷量增大,含固率7%时单位底物累计净产甲烷量为481mL/gVS.而当接种比为1.5时,含固率为5%和7%的工况均无法启动甲烷化反应,含固率为3%的工况的产气迟滞期达15d.挥发性有机酸的累积抑制甲烷化反应的启动,迟滞期随着液相中有机酸浓度的增加而延长,当有机酸浓度低于1260mg/L,甲烷化反应没有明显的迟滞期.     

周期换向电絮凝法用于处理含铬废水研究

以铁作为极板,采用周期换向电絮凝法处理含铬废水,考察了初始pH值,电流密度,处理时间,初始质量浓度及周期换向时间等因素的影响.结果表明,在初始pH值为8.0~9.0,电流密度为16.37A/m2,处理时间为3.0min,初始浓度为40mg/l时,总铬和六价铬的去除效果理想,去除率均在99.5%以上;10~15min的换向周期在一定程度上解决了极板钝化问题,可降低10%~20%的能耗.实验结果表明周期换向电絮凝法处理含铬废水效果好,且可降低能耗.     

塑料管材输配水过程中有机物释放规律研究

研究了目前给水管网中常用的3种塑料管材,未增塑聚氯乙烯(uPVC),聚乙烯(PE)和无规共聚聚丙烯(PPR)管在输配水过程中有机物的释放规律.通过静态管段实验模拟给水管网中不同输配水状态,选取总有机碳(TOC)为综合评价指标,考察了不同塑料管材中有机物随时间的迁移释放特性,并分析了管材有机物释放对管网水中余氯消耗的影响.随着管材输配水次数的增加,uPVC管释放至水中的TOC浓度和TOC释放速率分别在0.03mg/L和0.04μg/(d?cm2)以下,而PE管和PPR管在输配水过程中TOC的释放浓度和释放速率在初期最大[PE: 0.19mg/L,0.25μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.07mg/L,0.09μg/(d?cm2)],且后期递减并趋于平稳[PE:0.03~0.08mg/L,0.05~0.10μg/(d?cm2);PPR:0.01~0.03mg/L, 0.01~0.04μg/(d?cm2)].随着水力停留时间的增加,不同管材释放的有机物浓度持续升高.不同管材有机物的释放能力排序为:PE>PPR>uPVC.各管材的有机物释放特性直接影响管网水的余氯消耗特性,且管材的有机物释放量越多,管网水的余氯消耗越快.PE管的使用易引起水体有机污染问题.本研究明确了3种常用塑料管材的有机物释放规律,将进一步为与塑料管材安全性能评价相关的国家标准的修订提供理论依据.     

Effect of curacron toxicity on the total serum protein content of Cyprinus carpio

An experiment was conducted on freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio to study the effect of the pesticide curacron on total serum protein. Curacron is an organophosphate pesticide and used by the farmers to protect their crops. This pesticide reaches the aquatic ecosystem by direct or indirect means and affects aquatic fauna. LC50 for curacron for C. carpio was calculated by the log-dose/probit regression line method and found to be 0.38?ppm at 96?h. Three sub-lethal concentrations (0.1, 0.01, and 0.001?mL?L^?1) were selected to expose the fish for 1, 7, 14, and 21days. Changes in total serum protein were observed at all pesticide concentrations and exposure periods. Total serum protein was decreased from control. At 1 and 7 days, the decrease was quantitative at all concentrations, while at 14 and 21 days, the fall was significant at all concentrations. Hence, human population may be at risk by consuming these contaminated fish.     

Metal levels in computer monitor components discarded in the vicinities of electronic workshops

Levels of Pb, Ni, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the glass screens (GS) and printed wiring boards (PWBs) of obsolete computer monitors (OCMs) were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) following standard digestion. Metal concentrations (mg kg^?1) in GS were in the following ranges (medians in brackets): Pb ND – 3100 (46), Cd 0.5–2.6 (0.8), Cr ND – 18.7 (3.1), and Zn 8.1–600 (37) and in PWBs (mg kg^?1): Pb 34,600 ± 17,000, Cd 11 ± 9, Cr 59 ± 45, Zn 15,900 ± 7800, Cu79,000 ± 22,600, and Ni 3200 ± 2500. In GS, the levels of the six metals were lower than their total threshold limit concentrations (TTLC), except for Pb with a TTLC of 1000 mg kg^?1 in 10% of the samples. In the PWBs, the TTLC of Pb and Cu (2500 mg kg^?1) was exceeded many fold. For Zn (5000 mg kg^?1) and Ni (2000 mg kg^?1); they were exceeded by 90% and 65%, respectively. For OCMs manufactured in 2001 and later, Pb and Zn levels in GS and Cr, Zn, and Ni in PWBs were significantly reduced.     

Level,pattern, and risk assessment of the selected soil trace metals in the calcareous-cultivated Vertisols

Dynamics and distribution pattern of trace metals in agricultural lands are an increasing concern due to potential risks to the environment and human health. To ascertain more knowledge of this aspect, the fractions of total and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd belonging to Vertisols under intensive cultivation and adjoining uncultivated soils were investigated. The order of abundance of metals in both cultivated and uncultivated soils was Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Zn?>?Cd and Fe?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Cu?>?Cd for both available and total fraction, respectively. A relative enrichment was observed in the value of diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid-extractable Fe (1.2–201%), Mn (2–31%), Cu (1–40%), and Cd (21–45%) as well as total fraction of Zn (3–17%), Cu (12–32%), and Cd (42–108%) after intensive cropping, which can be contributed to repeated application of agrochemical inputs and manure over long time. The values of RI (potential ecological risk) showed that cultivation caused a low potential ecological risk (33.3% of the soil samples) to moderate potential ecological risk (66.7% of the soil samples) in the study region and that cadmium made up 88%, on average, of the RI value.