成都市东区TSP及其重金属污染分析

采用TSP大流量采样器对成都市东区进行连续采样,对该区域大气总悬浮颗粒物的污染情况以及其中的重金属铅、镉、铜、锰、砷、汞的含量进行了分析。结果表明,成都市东区总悬浮颗粒物的超标率达到37.5%,存在中度的大气污染;TSP中重金属元素平均浓度的大小顺序为:As>Mn>Pb>Hg>Cu>Cd;TSP中重金属的含量虽未超过工作场所空气中有毒物质容许浓度值,但随着人类活动及机动车数量的增加,其排放量仍不容忽视。     

家用洗衣机微生物污染状况研究

在生活中,洗衣水往往是被人们所忽略的污染源。为了人们更加健康的生活更加健康的洗衣,本文对家用洗衣机内外筒以及洗衣水中细菌总数和大肠菌群数进行了取样测定,结果表明,各种样品的细菌总数结果很相近,并且远远超出了公共用品中其它公共用品卫生的标准,即细菌总数评价指标不大于300 cfu/25cm2;洗衣机内外筒的细菌总数结果相近。最后,本文通过分析其造成的污染状况,从而引导人们养成科学的洗衣习惯。     

碱性过硫酸钾法测定总氮中影响因素及解决方法

总氮是水体中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮等无机氮和有机氮的总和,是反映水体所受污染程度和富营养化程度的重要指标之一。在碱性过硫酸钾-紫外分光光度法测定水中总氮时,该方法操作步骤简单,易于操作和掌握,但在实际操作中影响因素较多,其准确度难以掌握。本文通过对总氮测定中试剂的纯度、配制的方法及水浴温度、储存时间、消解的温度、压力和时间等因素的总结、探讨和分析,确定适合的测定条件,提高测定结果的准确度和精密度。     

我国湖泊富营养化效应区域差异性分析

通过分析我国湖泊富营养化相关指标的区域差异性,发现在相同营养物质条件下,浮游藻类生物量却有所差异,说明不同区域浮游藻类对营养物质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的利用效率存在显著的区域差异性.利用SPSS中的曲线估计功能,分析我国不同湖泊区域lg Chl-a分别与lg TN和lg TP的线性方程,通过比较线性方程的斜率分析不同湖泊区域浮游藻类对营养物质TN和TP的利用效率,蒙新高原、云贵高原、东北平原-山地、长江中下游平原及华北平原,lg Chl-a与lg TP线性方程的斜率由高到低依次为1.002、0.817、0.761、0.545、0.250.lg Chl-a与lg TN线性方程的斜率由高到低依次为1.401、1.058、0.447、0.239、0.099,分别为长江中下游平原、云贵高原、华北平原、东北平原-山地及蒙新高原.由此可见,东北平原-山地和蒙新高原TP对浮游藻类生长的影响大于TN,而在华北平原、长江中下游平原和云贵高原,TN对浮游藻类生长的影响大于TP.另一方面,通过分析浮游藻类生物量与水体透明度之间的相关性,阐明藻类生长繁殖对不同区域湖泊水体透明度影响的区域差异性,结果表明,湖泊中浮游藻类生长繁殖对水体透明度影响最大的是云贵高原,其次是东北平原-山地、蒙新高原和华北平原,长江中下游平原水体透明度与浮游藻类生物量之间没有显著相关性.     

高压电化学絮凝技术去除酿酒废水中总磷的研究

为了使酿酒废水中总磷有效去除并达标排放,通过对酿酒废水总磷的排放情况调查,有针对性的选用高压电化学絮凝技术,对酿酒废水中总磷的去除效果进行实验研究。从实验结果看,调节进水pH值为2.3、停留时间45分钟时总磷去除率可达到99%以上,在该条件下COD的去除率也能达到50%左右,废水总磷排放浓度能够达到1.0mg/L的排放要求。     

China’s Total Emission Control Policy: A Critical Review

Abstract

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission control policy in the past 10 years and explore emerging issues in its implementation. The article has three sections: a summary of the implementation experience, issues with the design and implementation of the policy, and policy recommendations.     

产业转型升级与绿色全要素生产率提升的互动关系——基于中国116个地级资源型城市的实证研究

促进产业转型升级,提升绿色全要素生产率是推进我国资源型城市高质量发展的关键。但是,产业转型升级能否提升绿色全要素生产率在学术界一直存在争论。以2003— 2018年中国116个地级资源型城市为对象,分析了产业转型升级与绿色全要素生产率提升的演化特征和互动关系。结果表明：（1）56.9%的资源型城市产业转型升级并不理想,处于产业结构高级化和合理化不同步或双低的状态;有57.8%的资源型城市绿色全要素生产率实现了正增长,但仍有一些资源型城市绿色全要素生产率增长缓慢,主要是因为技术效率未得到有效改善。（2）PVAR模型和脉冲响应估计结果表明,资源型城市绿色全要素生产率提升的滞后期对其自身的影响存在负向作用。同时,资源型城市长期的传导路径为绿色全要素生产率提升受到反映产业结构合理化的泰尔指数的负向冲击后,对产业结构高级化产生持续性的积极作用,之后,产业结构高级化不断对自身产生正向冲击作用。（3）通过方差分解预测可知,未来绿色全要素生产率提升、产业结构高级化与合理化仍主要依赖自身发展路径。产业结构高级化对绿色全要素生产率提升的解释力高于产业结构合理化的解释力。随着期数的增加,产业结构高级化与绿色全要素生产率提升的相互解释力逐渐上升。     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

稻田种植对地表径流污染状况调查研究

以辽宁省营口市水稻种植区为研究区域,通过对监测地块实地调研、资料收集、监测分析,在稻田整个作物生长周期化肥、农药的施加等情况下开展氮、磷污染物对地表径流污染状况的调查研究.结果表明:化肥、农药的施加均会使受纳水体中总磷、总氮质量浓度升高,施肥后总氮质量浓度上升最显著,绿色种植在扣除总氮背景值后达到37.7 mg/L,有...     

Load Estimation Method Using Distributions with Covariates: A Comparison with Commonly Used Estimation Methods

Load estimates obtained using an approach based on statistical distributions with parameters expressed as a function of covariates (e.g., streamflow) (distribution with covariates hereafter called DC method) were compared to four load estimation methods: (1) flow‐weighted mean concentration; (2) integral regression; (3) segmented regression (the last two with Ferguson's correction factor); and (4) hydrograph separation methods. A total of 25 datasets (from 19 stations) of daily concentrations of total dissolved solids, nutrients, or suspended particulate matter were used. The selected stations represented a wide range of hydrological conditions. Annual flux errors were determined by randomly generating 50 monthly sample series from daily series. Annual and interannual biases and dispersions were evaluated and compared. The impact of sampling frequency was investigated through the generation of bimonthly and weekly surveys. Interannual uncertainty analysis showed that the performance of the DC method was comparable with those of the other methods, except for stations showing high hydrological variability. In this case, the DC method performed better, with annual biases lower than those characterizing the other methods. Results show that the DC method generated the smallest pollutant load errors when considering a monthly sampling frequency for rivers showing high variability in hydrological conditions and contaminant concentrations.