Investigating the potential for different scooter and car exhaust emissions to cause cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammatory responses to a 3D in vitro model of the human epithelial airway

The aim of this study was to compare the cytotoxicity and the (pro-)inflammatory responses of two-stroke (direct injection and carburetor technology) and four-stroke scooter and diesel car exhaust emissions on lung cells in vitro. This was analyzed by exposing a 3D in vitro model of the epithelial airway (consisting of human bronchial epithelial cells (cell line 16HBE14o^?) combined with human whole blood monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells) to physically characterized exhaust emissions. Biological endpoints of cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase release), as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and inflammatory chemokine (interleukin(IL)-8) stimulation were examined. Two-stroke direct injection scooter exhaust contained the highest particle number concentration and nitrogen oxides (NO _x ) concentrations and the emissions from the two-stroke carburetor scooter contained the highest hydrocarbon and lowest NO _x concentrations. The four-stroke scooter emitted the highest carbon monoxide concentration whereas the cars emitted the lowest. The combination of various technical optimizations for the two-stroke direct injection scooter (particle filter, oxidative catalyst, better oil and fuel) reduced the total emissions strongly and the TNF-α concentration significantly (p?相似文献   

In vitro assessment of genotoxic and oxidative effects of zinc borate

Zinc borate is used as flame retardant for plastics and cellulose fibers, paper, rubber, and textiles. Despite its wide industrial use, there is limited information concerning its toxicity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration dependence (0–280 mg L^?1) of its genotoxic activity on cultured human lymphocytes by using sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays. Total antioxidant capacity and the extent of oxidative stress were also determined. Zinc borate was found to be non-genotoxic at all tested concentrations. It exhibited antioxidant activity at concentrations lower than 40 mg L^?1, and total oxidative stress levels were not changed at any applied concentration of zinc borate.     

Oasis land-use change and its effects on the oasis eco-environment in Keriya Oasis,China

Land-use change in oases of arid zones play a significant role in the sustainable development and stability of oases. This paper presents a typical case of successful efforts to mitigate land-use change, its drivers and effects on the oasis eco-environment at Keriya Oasis in the western arid zone of China using remotely-sensed data, official statistics, and data collected by field investigation. Mathematical models were developed to quantify important elements related to land-use change, including net change and total change. The results indicate that: (1) approximately 17% of land-use types of Keriya Oasis changed between 1991 and 2002; (2) socioeconomic development, climate change, and economic polices contributed to land-use change in the oasis; (3) inappropriate human activities were the main cause of land-use change and eco-environmental degradation in the oasis; and (4) the stability of the oasis is threatened by land-use change and unexpected eco-environmental changes in the oasis and oasis–desert ecotone. The study suggests irrational human activity in arid zones, and that caution should be exercised to maintain stability and sustainable development of oases.     

Green supply chain management in the chemical industry: structural framework of drivers

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) is to improve the quality of supply chain management strategies and environmental performance. As per current statistics, the chemical industry is growing fast in Bangladesh. In order to compete for global competition, GSCM is essential in this sector. This paper proposes a systematic approach of structural framework whose aim is to enhance the probability of constructive implementation of GSCM in the field chemical industry in Bangladesh. Therefore, this framework evaluates the appropriate interrelationship along with the drivers of GSCM in the chemical industry. In total, eight drivers were finalized from an associated literature review with the help of survey and by taking expert opinions via the Delphi methodology. In addition to MICMAC analysis, the driving and the dependence powers for all the drivers were determined. Moreover, the structural frameworks for the drivers were developed by means of total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) technique. As a result, the findings indicate that the most significant driver was supplier pressure and willingness and the most important barrier was high cost. Finally, the main objective of this research is expected to help industrial managers to evaluate and understand the critical areas where they should emphasize to implement GSCM in the chemical industry.     

安徽省石塘湖过去百余年湖水总磷浓度的定量重建

湖水总磷浓度对湖泊富营养化有很好的预警作用,历史湖水总磷浓度的定量重建能揭示湖泊营养演化历史.依据安徽省石塘湖沉积物钻孔的高分辨率硅藻研究结果,结合长江中下游湖泊硅藻-总磷转换函数模型,定量重建了其过去百余年来硅藻组合演替与历史湖水总磷浓度的变化过程.结果表明:石塘湖硅藻经历了从颗粒直链藻(Aulacoseira granulate)优势组合(1867-1981年)向富营养属种高山直链藻(Aulacoseira alpigae)优势组合(1981年以来)的变化.1981年以前,水体ρ(总磷)为50～60μg.L-1,湖泊一直维持在中等营养水平;1981年之后水体ρ(总磷)呈现明显升高趋势(＞100 μg·L-l),硅藻组合以高山直链藻占绝对优势,同时伴有喜好富营养环境的属种如极微小环藻(Cyclotella atomus)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、谷皮菱形藻(Nitzschia palea)和汉斯冠盘藻(Stephanodiscus hantzschii)等的增加,标志着湖泊富营养化的发生.20世纪80年代以来,农业及城市生活污水排放、农业化学肥料的大量使用以及过度养殖是硅藻种群转变和富营养化发生的主要根源.增温在一定程度上也影响着硅藻群落变化和富营养化的加重.根据重建的硅藻-水体总磷浓度结果,提出石塘湖治理的营养物基准水体ρ(总磷)为60 μg·L-1,为该湖整治和修复方案的制定提供可参考的目标,也为当地大量类似湖泊的治理提供重要参考.     

Effects of organic and inorganic fertilisation on soil nutrient dynamics in a Savannah region (DR Congo)

Very few studies have considered the residual effect of inorganic and organic fertilisation on oxisol chemistry and plant productivity while studying the response of maize to fresh fertiliser application. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of five treatments of inorganic and organic fertilisers on maize productivity and soil fertility under field conditions in a Savannah region. The trials were conducted from 2009 to 2011 and the treatments included inorganic nitrogen–phosphorus (NP), Entada abyssinica, Tithonia diversifolia, inorganic NP combined with E. abyssinica, and inorganic NP combined with T. diversifolia, and no fertilised plots. The combination of NP with T. diversifolia or E. abyssinica leaves resulted in the highest increase in grain yields during the first crop season.The positive residual effects of fertilisers on maize grain yield were strong and significant in the immediate succeeding season and decreased during the second year following fertilisation. The highest residual effect was observed in plots fertilised with E. abyssinica combined with NP, followed by T. diversifolia combined with NP, and E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia without NP, respectively. The lowest residual effect was observed in plots fertilised with inorganic NP. Analytical results revealed that total nutrients in the soil matrix are not dominantly in forms available for plant uptake. There were significant residual effects for total potassium in the site with low initial nutrient levels. The soil content of bioavailable phosphorus, nickel, zinc, copper, and cobalt was in general below detectable levels.     

O3浓度升高对麦田土壤碳、氮含量和酶活性的影响

近地层O₃作为全球最重要的大气污染物之一,其对作物的生长发育、土壤酶活性、土壤碳、氮的影响机制已成为人们关注的重要问题。采用开顶式气室(OTCs)法模拟研究O₃浓度升高对冬小麦土壤碳、氮含量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,O₃浓度升高导致麦田0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层的全碳(TC)和全氮(TN)含量呈现出下降的趋势。O₃浓度升高对土壤酶活性也有影响。在冬小麦灌浆期,O₃胁迫可促进土壤脱氢酶活性提高。当O₃浓度为120 nL·L^-1时,0~10 cm、10~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的脱氢酶活性分别比对照处理提高59.4%、51.5%和22.2%。O₃胁迫对土壤转化酶活性的影响随着冬小麦生长期和土壤采样深度的不同而发生变化。在冬小麦拔节期,O₃处理对不同土层脲酶活性的影响没有达到显著差异水平,但是在灌浆期,20~40 cm土层的脲酶活性随着O₃浓度的增加而提高,在120 nL·L^-1浓度O₃处理下脲酶活性比对照处理提高24.6%。在O₃胁迫条件下土壤转化酶活性与土壤全碳含量、土壤脲酶活性与土壤全氮含量均呈现出显著的正相关关系。     

岱海水体氮、磷时空分布特征及其差异性分析

通过2018～2019年调查数据及历史相关监测资料,分析了岱海上覆水中氮、磷时空分布特征及主要影响因素,并探讨了氮形态、磷形态的时空分布差异性.结果表明,岱海上覆水总氮和总磷常年处于较高水平,尤其是总氮浓度明显高于全国其他湖泊.岱海上覆水总氮浓度在3.29～4.99 mg·L^-1之间,平均值为(3.93±0.33)mg·L^-1;总磷浓度在0.063～0.163 mg·L^-1之间,平均值为(0.111±0.023)mg·L^-1.上覆水中总氮和总磷浓度在春季、夏季呈现湖心深水区明显高于周边,秋季呈自东向西递减的趋势,而在冬季则呈现南部浅水区高于北部区域的趋势.上覆水中氮和磷营养盐均以溶解态为主,溶解态总氮和溶解态总磷占总氮和总磷的比例高达86.62%和77.84%,且溶解态氮以硝态氮为主导、溶解态磷则以有机磷为主要形态.研究中发现,湖水浓缩和内源营养盐释放是造成水体高总氮和总磷的主要原因,建议结合工程措施进行内源治理和生态修复,以防止水质进一步恶化.     

全玻璃针筒注射器保存空气中甲烷和总烃的影响因素

采用全玻璃针筒取样/保存、双通道双毛细管柱测定非甲烷总烃分析方法,以甲烷标准气体样品、标准气体样品(TO-14、TO-15),以及3种实际环境空气样品为例,考察了全玻璃针筒注射器取样保存影响检测结果的若干因素。结果表明,样品的保存时间取决于以下因素:(1)样品性质,不同类型样品的保存时间差异大,化学反应活性强的样品,其总烃含量呈现先升高后降低趋势,甲烷则相对稳定;(2)样品浓度水平,相同条件下相同类型样品,浓度高的保存时间短于低浓度样品,如与环境空气浓度相仿的样品保存时间可超过60 h;(3)保存环境的避光程度,对于同一种VOCs标准气体样品,避光、半避光、非避光保存样品回收率迥异,趋势差别极大,对于部分样品即便是避光保存仍发现回收率变化极大;(4)全玻璃材质注射器的气密性,需对照技术规范要求,进行气密性的检查。     

Determination of trace elements in total suspended particles at the Southwest of Mexico City from 2003 to 2004

The purpose of the present study is to describe the relationships of eight elements analysed in total suspended particles collected in Mexico City, during 2003 and 2004. Al, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were analysed in to the atmospheric samples and the results were treated by Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis trying to identify the possible sources of aerosols in the sampling site. Factor analysis calculations allowed the elements classification, related to their source on oil combustion, crustal and urban dust, smelting industries and motor vehicle emissions. A further statistical analysis of chemical results from the atmospheric samples was also performed, in order to see what environmental concentrations of those elements have been affected by industrial and mining activities. The eight elements analysed were arranged into two groups that presents high and positive Pearson r values suggesting common emission sources.