污染物总量控制制度创新与未来发展的思考

为解决污染物总量控制制度创新及与排污许可制的关系,探索我国未来水环境总量控制制度的发展方向,对美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区以及我国水污染控制的发展历程进行了回顾和对比研究.结果表明:①控制污染物排放总量是改善水环境质量的根本措施,排污许可制是水环境管理的核心手段.②我国水污染总量控制研究起始于20世纪70年代末的容量总量控制研究,先后经历了理论探索、应用探索和理论深化3个阶段,在管理上则经历了排污许可制试行阶段、制度探索阶段、总量控制目标责任制阶段.③我国目前实施的总量控制仍然是目标总量控制,难以与地表水质直接挂钩.对我国水环境保护形势和相关法律政策的研究表明,我国从污染源达标排放控制1.0时代、目标总量控制2.0时代,逐步进入容量总量控制3.0时代的条件已基本成熟.建议以排污许可制作为推进总量控制3.0的重要抓手,完善相关制度建设,严格问责机制,确保容量总量控制的真正落实.      

北疆部分区域土壤pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量调查

对北疆4个区域土壤的pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量状况进行了调查和评价。监测结果表明,调查区的pH为7.20-10.58,多属于碱性至强碱性土壤;可溶性总盐量为0.012％。12.834％,多属于中度盐渍化土壤;土壤表层有机质含量为0.16％-21.09％,1-6级土壤均含有机质,总体水平相对较低,但山区土壤中有机质含量较高。部分农田存在土壤次生盐渍化重、肥力低的问题。古尔班通古特沙漠中的风沙土等具有盐渍化轻、肥力低的特点。     

AN ASSESSMENT OF SEDIMENT PHOSPHORUS INACTWATION,KEZAR LAKE,NEW HAMPSHIRE1

ABSTRACT: Aluminum sulfate and sodium aluminate were utilized as sediment phosphorus inactivants to improve the water quality of a northeastern eutrophic lake. A four-year monitoring program has provided an extensive lake-database utilized to evaluate the short-and long-term effectiveness of sediment phosphorus inactivation as a lake restoration technique. An immediate impact of treatment was marked by a reduction in hypolimnetic BOD and dissolved oxygen deficit, lower chlorophyll-a and phosphorus concentrations, improved transparency, and the elimination of obnoxious blue-green phyto-plankton blooms. For two to three years after treatment, these pa-rameters continued to exhibit both less variability and improved values over the pre-treatment conditions. The improved water quality conditions warranted an upgrade of the lake trophic status from eutrophic to mesotrophic. Four years after the treatment, the mean hypolimnetic total phosphoru.s and chlorophyll-a have increased and transparency has decreased from initial post-treatment levels. Although long-term trends show water quality decreasing since the treatment, the water quality has stabilized at a level suitable for recreation. A major benefit is an increase in the average attendance at the lake by almost 2,000 people per summer.     

北京地区未来地震中各种类型建筑可能造成的人员死亡率

地震房屋倒塌率CR和地震死亡率FR存在一定的关系,据此,本文研究计算得到了北京地区在未来地震中各类建筑可能造成的人员死亡率FR.     

河水紫外线消毒的研究

本文对河水紫外线消毒进行了研究，得到了水的浊度，水层厚度以及辐射时间与总大肠菌群存活率之间的相关关系，试验结果表明，当浊度≤１２度，水层厚度≤７２ｍｍ辐射时间为５分钟时，消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群数≤３个／Ｌ，并且电耗为０．２９ｋｗ／ｍ＾３，该试验结果可作为工程设计的依据。     

FISH EMBRYOS: PRACTICAL INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY OF SIGNWICANCE TO FISHERIES1

ABSTRACT: Cyto-embryological analyses of fish eggs collected in nature can be a more sensitive indicator of environmental pollution than more typical assays conducted on artificially-spawned eggs. This is because uncertainties associated with artificial spawning and rearing are dispensed with, as well as because of the sensitivity of some cellular and subcellular analyses. At the same time, such measures can provide information on interannual differences in egg viability of importance in elucidating great, unexplained variability in fisheries recruitment. Extensive experience with fish embryos from ocean plankton has led to the choice of a particularly useful, practical suite of observations for different developmental stages. This includes measures of embryo mortality, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, abnormal cell differentiation, and development rate. Atlantic mackerel egg mortality has been determined to be greater in the surface waters of the New York Bight apex and along the New Jersey coast than in less polluted portions of the Bight. Chromosome abnormality of mid-stage embryos was also greater in more impacted areas of the same water mass, as well as in the somatic cells of adult mackerel and winter flounder, and in juvenile and adult windowpane flounder caught in more impacted areas. Mortality and abnormality of the mackerel embryos showed statistical associations with toxic hydrocarbons as measured in plankton, and with heavy metals as measured in sea surface waters. The sensitivity, practicality, and relevance of the cytoembryological studies to population dynamics of resource species make this an important means of monitoring environmental quality.     

SOURCES OF VARIABILITY IN PHOSPHORUS AND CHLOROPHYLL AND THEIR EFFECTS ON USE OF LAKE SURVEY DATA1

Summer lake survey measurements of total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (CHLa) from 188 reserviors and natural lakes in the midwest were analyzed to determine the magnitude of major sources of variability. Median variance among replicate samples collected at the same location and time was about 7-8 percent of the mean for both TP and CHLa. Median observed temporal variability within summers was 27 percent of the mean for TP and 45 percent of the mean for CHLa. Median values of year-to-year variance in average TP and CHLa were 22 percent and 31 percent of the mean, respectively. A range of approximately two orders of magnitude was observed among individual estimates of variance in each of these categories. The magnitude of observed temporal variability was affected only slightly by variance among replicate samples on individual days and was weakly correlated with the length of time during which samples were collected from individual lakes. Observed temporal variation was similar between reservoirs and natural lakes when variances were calculated with logtransformed data. The magnitude of temporal and year-to-year variance can severely limit the power of statistical comparisons of TP and CHLa means, but has less effect on establishing relative rankings of lake means, Sources and relative magnitude of variability are important in the use of TP and CHLa data in regression models and in the planning of lake surveys and subsequent data analysis.     

SO2排污权交易在中国的发展与挑战

回顾了大气污染物排放总量控制和排污权交易在中国发展的历程.通过对美国SO2排放总量控制和排污权交易核心要素的分析,揭示了目前中国在排污权交易政策方面的欠缺.指出了排污权交易政策是帮助中国完成"十一五"计划环境目标的有效手段.     

大气环境容量估算及总量控制方法的研究进展

大气环境容量的计算是实施污染物总量控制的基础,对于局地性区域来说大气环境容量又是大气传输、扩散和排放方式的具体体现。本文主要介绍了目前国内外对于大气环境容量估算模式以及进行总量控制方法的研究进展。     

区域环评中大气环境容量估算的研究进展

综述了大气污染物区域环境容量的主要影响因素、用于其计算的空气质量模型以及大气环境容量的研究步骤。现阶段应用较广泛的大气环境容量的预测模型有A-P值法模型、箱模型、线性优化模型、ADMS模型及多种模型相结合的复合模式等，通过研究分析，提出了存在的主要问题及其有效的解决途径。