颗粒污泥SBR处理生活污水同步除磷脱氮的研究

采用厌氧-好氧的SBR运行方式,以人工配水培养的好氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,处理碳、氮、SS浓度均较高的生活污水,研究了系统中颗粒污泥的稳定性及其去除有机物和同步除磷脱氮的效果.经过1个月的驯化培养,颗粒污泥即可呈现出良好的污染物去除性能并趋于稳定,反应器中颗粒污泥含量始终占污泥总量的68%以上.颗粒污泥系统污泥浓度为5 000～6000mg/L,SVI值为20～35 mL/g.经过3个月的运行后,反应器中颗粒污泥由原来以粒径0.6～0.9 mm的中等大小颗粒占主体变为粒径＞1.25 mm的大颗粒占主体.稳定运行阶段颗粒污泥系统对COD、TOC、磷酸盐、氨氮、总氮和SS的平均去除率分别为83.04%、70.41%、94.30%、86.51%、41.82%和85.89%.对反应器运行过程中典型周期的分析,反映出颗粒污泥良好的同步除磷脱氮效果.     

FCR多级接触氧化系统处理乳品工业废水的研究

为提高乳品工业废水生物处理的去污脱氮能力,以新型螺旋状纤维填料作为载体,采用多级氧化槽内不同种类微生物形成的食物链系统（food chain reactor）,详细考察了不同水力停留时间COD、TN、NH^＋₄-N、TP等的去除率及其去除机理,并对污泥减量化效果进行了初步探讨.结果表明,当进水COD为842～1 843 　mg/L、TN为36.3～92.2 　mg/L、NH^＋₄-N为30.1～52.1 　mg/L,HRT=6　h时,系统COD的平均去除率达到93.3%;TN和NH⁺₄-N的去除效果显著,其平均去除率分别达到73.3%和80.7%,出水COD、TN、NH⁺₄-N平均值分别为79.4　mg/L、9.6 　mg/L、6.1　mg/L,均低于《污水综合排放标准》（GB 8978-2002）的一级标准.该系统不仅具有较高的去污脱氮效果,而且产生的剩余污泥量极少,其污泥产率的平均值为7.7%.该系统运行费用低,操作管理方便,长期运行稳定,可应用于城市污水、中高浓度有机废水（如餐厅污水、食品工业废水）等的处理.     

非点源污染河流的水环境容量估算和分配

通过河流相应集水区内氮磷的各污染源分析(包括农地、畜禽养殖和生活排污等),利用输出系数模型估算各非点源的氮磷投(排)放量和入河量;采用河段氮磷输入-输出平衡关系分析方法,估算河流对氮磷的每月自净量.以此为基础,参照水功能区划所要求的水质目标,提出了水质未超标河段相应集水区的氮磷剩余水环境容量按月估算模型,和水质超标河段相应集水区内氮磷投放削减量的按月估算模型,及其在各污染源之间的分配方案.结果表明,长乐江的总氮和总磷自净量分别达到775.9 t·a^-1和30.9 t·a^-1,自净率分别为28.8%和51.2%.河流对氮磷的自净量不仅受水文生态条件的影响而表现出较大的季节性变化,而且随着污染负荷量本身的增加而提高.按照水功能区划中Ⅲ类水的水质要求,长乐江总氮含量全年超标;各非点源的总氮投(排)放量均须不同程度的削减,削减总量应达到1 581.0　t;氮源削减量分配结果表明,化肥是应削减的最大氮源,要求在河流相应集水区内的化肥氮投放削减量为1 047.4 t·a^-1;而与各种氮源的投排放现状相比,要求削减比例最高的是畜禽养殖的氮排放量,达32.4%.长乐江流域尚有一定的总磷剩余水环境容量(2 335.7 t·a^-1).根据目标水质要求,平水期是各污染源总氮投放需要削减的量最大的时期,丰水期则是总磷剩余水环境容量最小的时期.     

入湖污染河流对受纳湖湾水质的影响

为研究滇池重污染湖湾——福保湾的污染现状及入湖污染河流对湖湾水质的影响,并为福保湾污染底泥固化技术示范工程提供基础数据,在福保湾布设15个采样点,采集并分析表层水中营养元素氮、磷的含量. 结果表明,福保湾氮、磷等营养元素含量的空间分布规律明显,入湖河流污染负荷对湖湾水质有较大影响. 河口附近水域水质较差,ρ(TP)高达0.7 mg/L,以不溶的颗粒态磷为主;ρ(TN)为7 mg/L左右,其中的50%以上以NH₃-N的形态存在. 随与河口间距离的增加,上覆水中ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)逐渐降低. 在距河口300 m的水域范围内,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)的空间分布规律与A.B.卡拉乌舍夫扩散模型计算结果相符.      

浮萍与水花生净化N、P污染性能比较

以经筛选得到的本地优势浮萍和水花生为研究对象,通过设置浮萍、水花生单种和浮萍-水花生混养等三种体系,考察了其对生活污水和稀释的牛场厌氧废水N、P的净化效果。结果表明,浮萍、水花生单种体系和浮萍-水花生混养体系对供试污水TN、TP的最大去除率分别为95.2%、91.1%;80.7%、75.4%和86.4%、86.4%。低有机污染条件下,浮萍吸收N、P的能力优于水花生,但其对COD的去除能力逊色于水花生;当水体有机污染程度较高时,可通过将浮萍和水花生混养,建立共生系统,以高效、稳定地去除污染物。     

MBBR与A/O法对污水中有机物及氮处理效果的研究

实验在不同水力停留时间（HRT）、进水COD浓度和不同COD容积负荷条件下考察了移动床生物膜反应器（MBBR）和活性污泥A/O工艺对污水中有机物及氮的处理效果。结果表明,MBBR工艺去除有机物和脱氮效果均优于A/O工艺。在进水COD和NH₃－N浓度分别为1000和25 mg/L,HRT为8 h时,MBBR的COD和TN去除率分别为92％和94％,而A/O工艺分别为78％和82％。造成这种结果的原因是MBBR的生物活性高,并且在生物膜内发生了同时硝化反硝化。MBBR脱氮能力受COD冲击明显小于A/O,但在较低进水COD浓度下,两者TN去除率均较低。     

污染水体中三氮转化过程的模拟研究

以城市河涌污染水体为研究对象,通过模拟实验,研究了水体中的三氮转化规律及其与环境条件的关系。实验结果表明:室内和室外条件下氨氮转化十分迅速,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮没有出现明显的累积现象;而在培养箱中,亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮则出现明显的累积现象。此外还研究了光合细菌对水体三氮转化的影响,发现其在室内和室外条件下有利于水体中的三氮转化,而对培养箱条件下的三氮转化起抑制作用。     

胶州湾入海污染物总量控制研究

在胶州湾水质数值模拟的基础上,建立了污染物总量控制模型.计算了各个点源的响应系数,分担率及环境容量.结果表明,胶州湾内COD各入海污染源均有余量,不需要削减.胶州湾东北部N、P污染较严重,污染物入海总量已经超过海域的环境容量.研究结果将为胶州湾污水排海、海域水质管理、总量控制规划编制提供科学依据.     

Effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide emission in a sandy loam soil

To understand the effects of long-term amendment of organic manure and N fertilizer on N2O emission in the North China Plain, a laboratory incubation at different temperatures and soil moistures were carried out using soils treated with organic manure （OM）, half organic manure plus half fertilizer N （HOM）, fertilizer NPK （NPK）, fertilizer NP （NP）, fertilizer NK （NK）, fertilizer PK （NK） and control （CK） since 1989. Cumulative N2O emission in OM soil during the 17 d incubation period was slightly higher than in NPK soil under optimum nitrification conditions （25℃ and 60% water-filled pore space, WFPS）, but more than twice under the optimum denitrification conditions （35℃ and 90% WFPS）. N2O produced by denitrification was 2.1-2.3 times greater than that by nitrification in OM and HOM soils, but only 1.5 times greater in NPK and NP soils. These results implied that the long-term amendment of organic manure could significantly increase the N2O emission via denitrification in OM soil as compared to NPK soil. This is quite different from field measurement between OM soil and NPK soil. Substantial inhibition of the formation of anaerobic environment for denitrification in field might result in no marked difference in N2O emission between OM and NPK soils. This is due in part to more rapid oxygen diffusion in coarse textured soils than consumption by aerobic microbes until WFPS was 75% and to low easily decomposed organic C of organic manure. This finding suggested that addition of organic manure in the tested sandy loam might be a good management option since it seldom caused a burst of N2O emission but sequestered atmospheric C and maintained efficiently applied N in soil.     

Biological control experiment of excess propagation of Cyclops for drinking water security

Cyclops of zooplankton propagated excessively in eutrophic water body and could not be effectively inactivated by the conventional disinfections process like chlorination due to its stronger resistance to oxidation. In this study, an ecological project was put forward for the excess propagation control of Cyclops by stocking the filter-feeding fishes such as silver carp and bighead carp under the condition of no extraneous nutrient feeding. The results of experiments with different stocking biomass showed that the propagation of Cyclops could be controlled effectively, and the water quality was improved simultaneously by impacting on nutriment level and plankton community structure at proper stocking density of 30 g/m^3 of water. The growth of Cyclops may not be effectually controlled with lower biomass of fish （10 g）, and the natural food chain relation may be destroyed for Cyclops dying out in water while the intense stocking of 120 g per cubic meter of water. In addition, the high predator pressure may accelerate supplemental rate of nutrients from bottom sediments to water body to add the content of total nitrogen and phosphorus in water.