不同生长期暴马丁香叶中活性成分分析

通过对不同采收期暴马丁香叶中主要活性成分和微量元素含量的分析,研究活性成分与微量元素对暴马丁香叶质量的影响.采用高效液相色谱法测定暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷的含量,紫外分光光度法测定其总黄酮和多糖的含量,原子吸收分光光度法测定其铁、锰、锌、铜的含量,再采用SPSS16.0软件对测定结果进行统计分析.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷和总黄酮在5月2日含量较高,4月20日含量较低;总多糖和4种微量元素在5月2日含量较低,4月20日含量较高.与不同采收期紫丁香苷和总黄酮含量上升或下降趋势对比,总多糖和微量元素的含量变化总体上却与其相反.暴马丁香叶中紫丁香苷、总黄酮与Fe、Mn、Zn元素间呈现一定的拮抗作用,而多糖与Fe、Zn、Cu元素间呈协同作用,微量元素对暴马丁香叶的质量有一定的影响.     

TMDL中MOS的定量估算方法及其应用

为了分析TMDL水污染控制管理模式中安全临界值MOS的影响因素,采用FOEA法对MOS中模拟计算的不确定性进行定量估算,通过不同水质达标率条件下MOS的设定,探讨水环境管理中不确定性因素对MOS的影响;将TMDL应用于珠江三角洲佛山水道的水环境管理中,运用动态水环境数学模型、考虑潮周期达标率的环境容量优化模型及遗传算法对TMDL进行求解.研究结果表明,所采用的FOEA法能较为准确地反映模型的不确定性对MOS的影响,而且从水质达标率的角度出发能合理地考察环境管理中的不确定性因素对MOS的影响,为定量化探讨MOS的设定给出了可行的求解思路及方法.     

秦皇岛地区气候资源及农业气候资源特征分析

利用近50 a秦皇岛气象资料,对该地区气候资源及农业气候资源特征进行了分析总结。结果表明:秦皇岛地区年降水量650～700 mm左右,呈减少趋势。全年80%保证率的降水量为425 mm,存在供需矛盾。蒸发量较降水量明显偏多,直接决定了该地区土壤在自然状态下绝大部分时段处于干旱状态。年平均气温10℃左右,呈上升趋势。平均年太阳辐射总量为5 154 MJ/m2,太阳辐射资源较丰富。秦皇岛地区农时较长,气温稳定通过10℃期间历时192 d,可以实行短生育期作物一年二熟或套作二熟。     

Simulated Impacts of Three Decadal Climate Variability Phenomena on Water Yields in the Missouri River Basin1

Mehta, Vikram M., Norman J. Rosenberg, and Katherin Mendoza, 2011. Simulated Impacts of Three Decadal Climate Variability Phenomena on Water Yields in the Missouri River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):126‐135. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00496.x Abstract: The Missouri River Basin (MRB) is the largest river basin in the United States (U.S.), and is one of the most important crop and livestock‐producing regions in the world. In a previous study of associations between decadal climate variability (DCV) phenomena and hydro‐meteorological (HM) variability in the MRB, it was found that positive and negative phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the tropical Atlantic sea‐surface temperature gradient variability (TAG), and the west Pacific warm pool (WPWP) temperature variability were significantly associated with decadal variability in precipitation and 2‐meter air temperature in the MRB, with combinations of various phases of these DCV phenomena associated with drought, flood, or neutral HM conditions. Here, we report on a methodology developed and applied to assess whether the aforementioned DCVs directly affect the hydrology of the MRB. The Hydrologic Unit Model of the U.S. (HUMUS) was used to simulate water yields in response to realistic values of the PDO, TAG, and WPWP at 75 widely distributed, eight‐digit hydrologic unit areas within the MRB. HUMUS driven by HM anomalies in both the positive and negative phases of the PDO and TAG resulted in major impacts on water yields, as much as ±20% of average water yield in some locations. Impacts of the WPWP were smaller. The combined and cumulative effects of these DCV phenomena on the MRB HM and water availability can be dramatic with important consequences for the MRB.     

Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model1

Masih Ilyas, Shreedhar Maskey, Stefan Uhlenbrook, and Vladimir Smakhtin, 2011. Assessing the Impact of Areal Precipitation Input on Streamflow Simulations Using the SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):179‐195. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00502.x Abstract: Reduction of input uncertainty is a challenge in hydrological modeling. The widely used model Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) uses the data of a precipitation gauge nearest to the centroid of each subcatchment as an input for that subcatchment. This may not represent overall catchment precipitation conditions well. This paper suggests an alternative – using areal precipitation obtained through interpolation. The effectiveness of this alternative is evaluated by comparing its simulations with those based on the standard SWAT precipitation input procedure. The model is applied to mountainous semiarid catchments in the Karkheh River basin, Iran. The model performance is evaluated at daily, monthly, and annual scales by using a number of performance indicators at 15 streamflow gauging stations each draining an area in the range of 590‐42,620 km². The comparison suggests that the use of areal precipitation improves model performance particularly in small subcatchments in the range of 600‐1,600 km². The modified areal precipitation input results in increased reliability of simulated streamflows in the areas of low rain gauge density. Both precipitation input methods result in reasonably good simulations for larger catchments (over 5,000 km²). The use of areal precipitation input improves the accuracy of simulated streamflows with spatial resolution and density of rain gauges having significant impact on results.     

陕西省精细化地质灾害气象预报预警研究

在黄土高原和秦巴山区地质灾害与降水相关特征分析基础上,介绍了陕西省气象台精细化地质灾害气象预报预警模型与业务系统.利用新一代多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站加密资料实现了综合雨量的精细估计,结合GIS地形地貌信息和历史灾害风险分析确定出降水影响系数后,通过计算指标量与灾害临界阈值判断实现了陕西省l 915个乡镇地质灾害的逐日...     

城市化对济南市汛期降雨特征的影响

在介绍济南市城市化发展水平及暴雨特性的基础上,选用济南市黄台桥、燕子山、东红庙、吴家铺和刘家庄雨量站1977-2007年汛期降雨资料,通过趋势线、距平统计、双累积曲线等方法,对济南市区汛期降雨量进行了统计分析,并对济南市城区、郊区的降雨时空特征进行对比研究。研究结果表明,城区多年汛期降雨量表现出较强的波动性,但整体上升趋势较为明显,尤其是改革开放早期的降雨量增长较为迅速。城市化对济南城区产生了较为明显的雨岛效应,城区比郊区降雨量增加约10%。城市化对降雨的频次以及雨型均造成了较大的影响,增加了各种降雨强度等级的降雨机率,城区比郊区的降雨机率增加10%以上,特别是暴雨以上的降雨场次增加了22%。     

小流域土壤有机质和全磷空间变异分析——以安徽省舒城县龙潭小流域为例

为了解土壤的地域差异性,基于地统计学半方差函数理论和GIS空间克立格插值定量分析了安徽省舒城县龙潭小流域有机质、全磷的各向同性、各向异性变异特征及分布格局.结果表明,有机质、全磷的半方差拟合模型均为指数模型,两者的分布都显示了强烈的空间自相关,自相关距离分别为642 m、435 m.有机质、全磷变异的各向异性都比较显著,有机质在0°、50°方向上变异程度明显大于90°、145°方向;全磷则在0°、145°方向的变异程度更加突出.有机质、全磷的分布呈明显的块状和带状,其中有机质中部含量高,南部、西部含量低;全磷则是南部、西北含量高,西部、东北含量低.     

硝化渗滤液回灌对填埋垃圾反硝化、产甲烷及稳定化的影响

垃圾填埋场是重要的甲烷释放源,其有效管理是减缓温室效应的重要环节.通过硝化渗滤液回灌模拟垃圾填埋柱,研究硝化渗滤液在新鲜垃圾和老龄垃圾填埋柱中的脱氮及对垃圾稳定化和产甲烷的影响.结果表明,回灌的硝化渗滤液在不同填埋龄垃圾柱中,均可实现总氧化态氮(Total oxidation nitroge,TON)完全还原.当回灌TON负荷分别达到14.19 g t-1(TS)d-1和10.45 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾柱中甲烷产生开始受到抑制.实验后期,回灌TON负荷增至38.78 g t-1(TS)d-1和30.62 g t-1(TS)d-1时,新、老垃圾填埋柱产甲烷相对抑制率分别达54.10%和95.77%.同时,回灌反硝化对新、老垃圾柱中垃圾降解贡献率(Rd)分别达85%和93%,能有效促进垃圾稳定.     

一座南亚热带中富营养水库夏季浮游植物群落的稳态平衡分析

于2009年7月23日~9月12日(共8周)研究了广东省大沙河水库湖泊区表层5 m水柱浮游植物群落结构和演替过程及其环境影响因子.降雨明显分为二个阶段,前4周降雨丰富,后4周降雨稀少;水体的透明度与水温也相应地分为二个阶段,但营养盐水平没有明显的变化.平均N/P为33,而可溶解磷浓度很低,说明浮游植物的生长受磷的限制较为强烈.浮游植物种类分析中共检到藻类64种,生物量变化为0.95~2.03 mg L-1,主要由绿藻、甲藻和蓝藻组成.1~5周浮游植物的总生物量变化较大,后3周总生物量变化相对较小.在整个采样期间,光角角星鼓藻(Staurastrum muticum)为第一优势种,弯曲角星鼓藻藻(Staurastrum inflexum)为第二优势种(二者约占总生物量的70%);在1~5周第三个优势种的种类和生物量有较大的变化,6~8周第三优势种为飞燕角甲藻(Ceratium hirundinella)且前3个优势种的组成和生物量较稳定(共占到总生物量的80%以上),群落结构处于稳态平衡状态.降雨带来的干扰是影响浮游植物群落稳态平衡的主要因子.当降雨的干扰结束后,浮游植物之间通过1周左右的竞争,浮游植物群落达到稳态平衡.