阜新市环境空气质量模糊综合评价

通过数据采集和选取主要影响因子,建立模糊综合评价数学模型对阜新市区2010年6～9月环境空气质量状况进行评价,结果表明评价期间市区月平均空气质量均达到国家二级标准,属于轻度污染状况,但夜间空气质量仅达到国家三级标准.同时空气中含有相对较多的可吸入颗粒物严重损害了人体健康.     

A型沸石对含磷废水深度处理的研究

论文探讨A型沸石对废水中磷的吸附性能,影响A型沸石对磷吸附的主要因素有吸附温度、灰水比、吸附时间和pH值。通过单因素和正交试验确定在水样体积30mL,A型沸石投加量3g,吸附时间为40~50min,吸附温度25oC,pH值4~5范围内,初始磷浓度小于20 mg/L,A型沸石对磷都有很好的吸附效果。TP去除率达99%以上,对磷的吸附容量约为0.44mg/g,适用于工业废水处理和生活污水的深度除磷。     

蓄电池生产废水处理技术研究

针对蓄电池生产废水的特点,主要是含有浓度较高的氟化物和重金属铅类,同时含有一定量的有机物质和悬浮物,主要处理方法为物理化学方法。粉煤灰处理含氟水、石灰-硫酸-铁盐法、聚合硫酸铁和氢氧化钙以及聚丙烯酰胺联合处理含氟废水等处理方法都具有较高的除氟率。处理废水中重金属铅离子,目前工业中一般采用化学沉淀法和离子交换法。采用pH调节-石灰-铝盐反应沉淀工艺去除废水中的氟、铅及部分磷酸盐,采用生化处理去除有机物。     

丽江市冬季大气总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）中水溶性离子化学特征

2008年12月～2009年1月在丽江市共采集25个TSP样品,目的是研究丽江市冬季TSP中水溶性离子的化学特征及它们的来源情况.结果表明,样品中主要水溶性离子的电荷浓度:Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+分别为16.00、14.95、49.40、3.12、44.75、8.65、2...     

太原市PM10及其污染源中碳的同位素组成

通过采集太原市PM10及其主要源(煤烟尘、机动车尾气尘、土壤风沙尘)样品,结合离线分步加热氧化法和同位素质谱仪测定了颗粒物中有机碳(OC),元素碳(EC)和总碳(TC)的同位素组成, 并探讨了太原市PM10中碳的来源.结果表明,太原市冬季、春季PM10中OC、EC和TC的碳同位素组成分别是-34.7‰、-23.5‰、-23.9‰和-30.5‰、-23.1‰、-23.9‰; 煤烟尘中OC、EC和TC的碳同位素组成分别是-26.5‰、-23.2‰、-23.6‰,土壤风沙尘分别为-24.6‰、-14.1‰、-17.3‰,汽油车和柴油车尾气尘分别为-27.7‰、-25.5‰、-27.0‰和-25.7‰、-24.3‰、-24.8‰. EC和TC的同位素组成是区分土壤风沙尘较好的标识指标,TC的同位素组成是汽油车尾气尘较好的标识指标;利用二元复合计算公式结果显示土壤风沙尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为30%、70%;煤烟尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为11%、89%;汽油车尾气尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为78%、22%,柴油车尾气尘中OC、EC占TC的百分含量分别为36%、64%;太原市PM10中的TC和EC主要来源于煤烟尘,OC少部分来源于机动车尾气排放,另外还有其他的重要贡献源.     

Effects of land use, climate, topography and soil properties on regional soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents as well as their relationships with site characteristics are of profound importance in assessing current regional, continental and global soil C and N stocks and potentials for C sequestration and N conservation to offset anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This study investigated contents and distribution of SOC and TN under different land uses, and the quantitative relationships between SOC or TN and site characteristics in the Upstream Watershed of Miyun Reservoir, North China. Overall, both SOC and TN contents in natural secondary forests and grasslands were much higher than in plantations and croplands. Land use alone explained 37.2% and 38.4% of variations in SOC and TN contents, respectively. The optimal models for SOC and TN, achieved by multiple regression analysis combined with principal component analysis (PCA) to remove the multicollinearity among site variables, showed that elevation, slope, soil clay and water contents were the most significant factors controlling SOC and TN contents, jointly explaining 70.3% of SOC and 67.1% of TN contents variability. Only does additional 1.9% and 3% increase in the interpretations of SOC and TN contents variability respectively when land use was added to regressions, probably due to environment factors determine land use. Therefore, environmental variables were more important for SOC and TN variability than land use in the study area, and should be taken into consideration in properly evaluating effects of future land use changes on SOC and TN on a regional scale.     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

近19年干旱半干旱过渡区气温降雨变化特征分析

针对西北干旱半干旱区生态环境各要素的过渡特性,文章以位于干旱半干旱典型过渡区的定西市为例,通过整理其地面观测站1991-2009年较为完整的气温和降水资料,分析了定西地区气温、降水的年平均变化趋势和年代际变化特征。结果表明:近19年来,年平均气温总体呈上升趋势,突变时间为1996年;年均降水量呈下降趋势,突变时间为1995年。造成定西气候变化的主要原因有:(1)定西市所处的地理位置和地形条件的汇聚特征,由其引起的焚风效应和夏季青藏高原上空下沉气流的影响,叠加近十几年定西地区人为活动温室气体排放量的增加,是引起地面温度增高主要原因。(2)定西地区处于印度洋、太平洋和欧亚大陆三大环流的汇聚位置,既受夏季青藏高原高空辐散气流的控制,还受全球尺度大气环流振荡的影响,高空环流脊槽移动转换和深浅变化会给当地带来大范围的干湿变化。温度升高地表蒸发加大也是影响当地降水减少的原因之一。     

野鸭湖湿地土壤总磷分布特征及影响因素研究

以典型北方湿地———北京野鸭湖湿地为研究对象,于2009年5月至2010年3月在其核心区不同采样点进行为期一年的季节性采样。分析了土壤总磷的时空分布规律,并讨论了pH、氧化还原电位(Eh)、含水率(W%)、有机质(OM)、粒径分布、粘土矿物组成这些土壤理化性质对总磷含量的影响。结果表明:5月份土壤TP的含量随着土壤深度的增加呈减小趋势;表层土壤总磷含量的季节性变化特征为:11月>3月>5月>9月,与土壤有机质含量的变化趋势一致,该特征同植物的生长周期密切相关。土壤颗粒粒径分布和土壤有机质是影响土壤总磷含量的主要因素,其与土壤总磷含量的相关系数分别为:粉粒(R=0.587,α=0.01)、砂粒(R=-0.580,α=0.05)、有机质(R=0.624,α=0.01)。     

穗花狐尾藻生长及酚类物质含量对光照强度的响应研究

沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)能产生对水华蓝藻生长有抑制效应的酚类活性物质。为了揭示光照强度对穗花狐尾藻的生长及其体内酚类物质含量的影响,文章研究了不同光照强度下穗花狐尾藻的生物量及其顶端组织与茎中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、总酚的含量以及与酚类代谢相关酶——苯丙氨酸裂解酶(Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)的活性,结果表明:穗花狐尾藻生物量随着光照强度的减弱而显著降低;高光照强度和中等光照强度下,顶端组织中可溶性蛋白、总酚含量和PAL酶活都明显高于茎中各指标;茎中的总酚含量、PAL酶活性在低光照强度下显著高于高光照强度和中等光照强度下。