有机酸抑制斜生栅藻生长的毒性效应

采用国际标准指示生物--斜生栅藻研究了有机酸类的急性毒性效应.讨论了酸类的毒性程度与其分子结构的关系.结果显示:96 h的EC₅₀值芳香族酸的毒性大于脂肪酸的毒性,且衍生物的毒性均比母体的毒性强.而含碳原子较少、水溶性较大的酸,毒性较弱.      

4种新型杀虫剂对黄色羽摇蚊(Chironomus flaviplumus)老熟幼虫的急性毒性

测定了峰升(15%杀单·唑磷乳油)、稻卫(20.2%阿维·唑磷乳油)、蚜螨克星(1.8%阿维·吡乳油)和蔬卫(2.4%高氯·阿维乳油)4种新型杀虫剂对黄色羽摇蚊(Chironomus flaviplumus)老熟幼虫的急性毒性.结果表明:峰升处理黄色羽摇蚊幼虫后24 h,不同浓度间的存活率无显著差异,而在其他时间段(48、72、96 h),随着杀虫剂浓度的增加,存活率逐渐下降.其他3种杀虫剂处理黄色羽摇蚊幼虫4 d,随着杀虫剂浓度的增加,每天的存活率也呈下降趋势.峰升、稻卫、蚜螨克星和蔬卫对黄色羽摇蚊幼虫48 h的LCs0分别为0.1735、0.0249、0.0015和0.0046 mg·L-1.蚜螨克星毒性最高,毒性在同一数量级的还有蔬卫,其次为稻卫.峰升毒性最低,但仍属高毒杀虫剂.     

水环境中氯丙嗪污染对鲫鱼和大型蚤的急性毒性效应

氯丙嗪作为一种镇静类兽药被广泛使用,已成为水环境中的一种新型污染物.为检验氯丙嗪对水生生物的生态毒性效应,采用实验室模拟的方法,研究了工业原料药盐酸氯丙嗪对鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)和大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性效应.结果表明:氯丙嗪对两种水生生物的毒性效应(致死率、抑制率概率单位)均与其浓度呈显著线性正相关关系(p<0.05),且毒性强度随作用时间的延长而增加;氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的24、48和96h的半致死浓度(LC50)值分别为1.11、0.43和0.32mg·L-1,通过计算求得氯丙嗪对鲫鱼的安全浓度为19.5μg·L-1;氯丙嗪对大型蚤的24h LC50值为0.65mg·L-1,24h EC50值(使50%受试大型蚤活动受抑浓度)为0.57mg·L-1;48h LC50值为0.36mg·L-1,48h EC50值为0.28mg·L-1;对鲫鱼和大型蚤而言,氯丙嗪属极高毒性物质,大型蚤对氯丙嗪的敏感性大于鲫鱼。     

液氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒效试验及影响因素

针对摇蚊幼虫(红虫)在沉淀池中大量孳生这一难题,以蒸馏水为试验水样,研究了液氯对摇蚊不同龄期幼虫的毒性效果(24h),并考察了pH值、有机物含量、氨氮以及藻类含量等因素对毒性效果的影响.结果表明:随龄期增长摇蚊幼虫对液氯的耐受性不断增强,液氯对4龄摇蚊幼虫的24h半致死浓度(LC₅₀)为3.39mg/L;低pH值、高藻类含量有助于提高液氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒性效果;在水质中性条件下,有机物含量提高使摇蚊幼虫的死亡率降低,在不同氨氮浓度下,液氯对摇蚊幼虫的毒性效果差别较大.生产原水和沉淀池水的对比试验表明:在不同投加量下,原水中4龄摇蚊幼虫接触24h死亡率均高于沉淀池水中摇蚊幼虫死亡率.     

Purified terephthalic acid wastewater biodegradation and toxicity

The biodegradation and toxicity of the purified terephthalic acid（PTA） processing wastewater was researched at NJYZ pilot with the fusant strain Fhhh in the carrier activated sludge process（ CASP）. Sludge loading rate（SLR） for Fhhh to COD of the wastewater was 1.09 d^-1 and to PTA in the wastewater was 0.29 d^-1. The results of bioassay at the pilot and calculation with software Ebis3 showed that the 48h-LC50 （median lethal concentration） to Daphnia magna for the PTA concentration in the wastewater was only 1/10 of that for the chemical PTA. There were .5 kinds of benzoate pollutants and their toxicities existing in the wastewater at least. The toxicity parameter value of the pure chemical PTA cannot be used to predicate the PTA wastewater toxicity. The toxicity of the NJYZ PTA wastewater will be discussed in detail in this paper.     

硫酸锰废渣浸出毒性及淋溶特性研究

长沙市兴镇13家硫酸锰厂的生产废渣使当地的生态环境造受到了严重破坏。本文在废渣浸出毒性实验、渣柱淋滤实验以及废渣的全分析基础上,全面地研究了废渣的组成、浸出毒性大小以及在当地酸沉降条件下的淋滤特征,为其安全处置提供了理论基础。研究证明,废渣中重金属种类多、含量高,尤其是锰,高达138800mg/kg。渣的浸出毒性虽未达到国家规定的危险废物鉴别标准,但远超过了《污水综合排放标准》,其衰减可用负指数方程来描述。在酸雨淋溶下,渣中的锰离子会在短时期内大量释放后,维持在一相对较低水平长期释放,对环境威胁巨大。     

Bio-mediated silver nanoparticle synthesis: mechanism and microbial inactivation

Even though plenty of literature is available on the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles, there are serious lacunae on the mechanisms of their formation. In the present study, the mechanism of formation of mono-crystalline silver nanoparticles using a fruit extract of the ornamental tree Thevetia peruviana is emphasized, i.e. how the pH of the reaction mixture affected reaction kinetics and size of the nanoparticles. The facilitation of formation of Ag₂O at higher pH resulted in a faster rate of particle formation. The diameter of the bare particles at neutral pH determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and the hydrodynamic diameter determined by dynamic light scattering were 53 and 104 nm, respectively. The silver nanoparticles exhibited good inactivation of Escherichia coli due to participation of free radicals as evidenced by electron spin resonance spectroscopy.     

污泥飞灰中重金属不同浸出方法比较及综合毒性评价

通过高精度气流分级机对污泥飞灰进行粒径分级:1μm、1~2.5μm、2.5~10μm、10~50μm、50μm.采用HJT299-2007-硫酸硝酸法,HJ557-2009-水平振荡法,美国EPA的毒性浸出方法 TCLP,欧盟危险废物鉴别浸出标准(EN12457-3)对不同粒径飞灰中重金属浸出毒性进行对比研究,根据浸出结果建立了一种重金属浸出综合毒性的评价方法.结果表明,飞灰中的重金属含量及浸出量随飞灰粒径的增加而降低,其中重金属Zn和Cu在TCLP浸出方法中的1μm粒径段的浸出含量最高,分别为107.34 mg·kg~(-1)和318 mg·kg~(-1).TCLP法和硫酸硝酸法的重金属浸出量远高于欧盟(EN12457-3)和水平振荡法.根据比较重金属总体污染毒性指数OPTI值的大小,发现10μm的飞灰的OPTI值远大于10μm的飞灰的OPTI值,说明粒径小于10μm的飞灰更具有毒性,危害性更大.     

Combined effects of cadmium and fluoranthene on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings

The single and combinational effects of cadmium (Cd) and fluoranthene (FLT) on germination, growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings were investigated. Exposure to 5, 10, or 15 mg Cd/L or 1, 5, or 10 mg FLT/L individually or in combination significantly decreased germination vigor (3 days) and final germination rate of soybean seeds, except at 1 and 5 mg FLT/L. The results of two-way ANOVA analysis and the Bliss independence model showed that at lower concentrations of FLT (1 mg/L), the interaction between Cd and FLT on germination was antagonistic, whereas the interaction was synergistic when the concentration of FLT was 5 or 10 mg/L and the concentration of Cd was 15 mg/L. Growth, expressed as dry weight, length of shoot and root, leaf area, and photosynthesis, expressed as net photosynthetic rate, intercellular CO2 concentration, chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of soybean seedlings were also reduced by exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L, singly or jointly. Significant antagonistic effects of exposure to 5 or 10 mg Cd/L or 1 or 5 mg FLT/L on shoot growth and photosynthesis were observed, whereas synergy and antagonism of Cd and FLT were both observed for root growth.     

Joint effects of heavy metal binary mixtures on seed germination, root and shoot growth, bacterial bioluminescence, and gene mutation

This investigation was to assess the joint effects of metal binary mixtures on seed germination,root and shoot growth,bacterial bioluminescence,and gene mutation based on the one toxic unit(1 TU)approach.Different sensitivities and orders of toxicity of metal mixtures were observed among the bioassays.In general,mostly additive or antagonistic effects were observed,while almost no synergistic effects by the binary metal mixtures in all bioassays.Therefore,the combined effects of heavy metals in the different bioassays were difficult to generalize since they were dependent on both chemical type and the organism used in each bioassay.However, these results indicate that a battery of bioassays with mixture chemicals as opposed to just a single assay with single metal is a better strategy for the bioassessment of environmental pollutants.