吡草醚原药对大鼠胚胎及胎仔发育的影响

经口染毒大鼠检测妊娠动物接触吡草醚原药后引起致畸的可能性,初步评价吡草醚原药致畸危害程度。依据《GB15670-1995农药登记毒理学试验方法》,选用的大鼠按雄、雌2:1比例同笼交配,次日清晨阴道涂片检查雌鼠,发现精子即确定为受孕第0天,设低、中、高三个剂量组(18.56、92.80、464.00 mg·(kg·d)-1)、一个阴性对照组和一个阳性对照组。在雌鼠受孕第6~15天灌胃给予受试物,连续共10天,在妊娠第19.5天,处死孕鼠检查胚胎发育情况。高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠孕期体重增重值降低,差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠吸收胎率与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组和阳性对照组胎鼠重量与阴性对照组比较,差异有显著性(p0.01);阳性对照组胎鼠外观畸形明显,与阴性对照组比较差异有显著性(p0.01);各剂量组胎鼠外观畸形与阴性对照组比较,差异均无显著性(p0.05);中、高剂量组组和阳性对照组胎鼠骨骼及内脏畸形例数明显增多,差异有显著性(p0.01)。实验结果表明吡草醚原药中、高剂量组可明显影响雌鼠体重增长及其胚胎的发育。     

Choice of chelating antidotes for acute cadmium intoxication∗

During acute oral intoxication by cadmium compounds, gastrointestinal epithelial damage contributes to immediate toxicity. However, secondary systemic toxicity may develop due to intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review presents an evaluation of the effects of chelators on the acute toxicity of cadmium after parenteral or oral exposure and on the intestinal uptake of cadmium. This review shows:

1. Chelating agents may affect the acute toxicity of cadmium in a variety of ways depending on the exposure route for cadmium and administration route for the chelator.

2. With regard to survival, systemic toxicity of absorbed cadmium is of major importance, as intraperitoneal administration of chelators could eliminate or reduce mortality due to orally administered cadmium chloride.

3. Lipophilicity of chelators and their cadmium complexes may result in extensively augmented intestinal uptake. However, hydrophilic chelators may efficiently reduce the intestinal cadmium uptake.

4. For hydrophilic chelators, the stability of the cadmium complex is an important determining factor of efficacy.

5. The optimal oral antidote towards orally administered cadmium are the BAL analogs, especially DMSA, while the optimal intraperitoneal antidotes towards orally or intraperitoneally administered cadmium are the higher members of the polyaminopolycarboxylate family, especially TTHA.

6. When administered simultaneously (DMSA orally and TTHA intraperitoneally), these chelators synergistically reduce the whole‐body retention of cadmium.

In conclusion, chelation treatment in acute oral cadmium intoxication should first prevent/reduce intestinal damage and uptake by rapid oral administration of a chelating antidote and then alleviate systemic toxicity due to absorbed cadmium and enhance renal/biliary cadmium excretion by parenteral administration of a chelating antidote.     

Application of QSARS to predict potential aquatic toxicities of organochlorine pesticides∗

On the basis of physico‐chemical data, such as water solubility and vapour pressure as well as acute toxicity tests we developed an ecotoxicological model for preliminary hazard assessment. By use of the reciprocal product from log H and LC₅₀ we developed a suitable ranking system that allows us to predict potential damage to aquatic organisms through pesticides.     

Nickel toxicity in partially hepatectomized rats: I. accumulation of radioactive nickel in various organs and subcellular fractions of liver

The distribution of radioactive nickel (50 μmol/kg/200μ Ci S.C.) was studied in various organs as well as in the hepatic subcellular fractions of sham operated and partially hepatectomized rats at 16 hr after injection. ⁶³Ni was maximally accumulated in kidney followed by lung, liver, heart and spleen. The incorporation of ⁶³Ni was lowered in partially hepatectomized rats compared to sham operated ones. Subcellular binding of ⁶³Ni showed significantly high affinity of nickel to cytosol followed by nuclear, mitochondria and microsomes in both the groups.     

pH值和硬度对两种氯酚类化合物对大型溞急性毒性的影响

以大型溞为研究对象,系统研究了pH值和硬度对2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)对大型溞急性毒性的影响.结果表明,pH值的影响非常显著.在实验pH值范围内(6~10),随pH值升高,两种氯酚对大型溞的急性毒性迅速降低,对不同pH值下两种氯酚在水中的形态分布与其毒性的相关性分析显示,pH值对毒性的影响机制与氯酚在水中的存在形态有密切关系,氯酚类物质的毒性主要由其分子态贡献,而pH值的升高促使分子态向离子态转化从而使其毒性降低.与pH值相比,硬度虽然对两种氯酚对大型溞急性毒性有一定的影响,但影响不显著.因此,在制定该类污染物的基准和标准时水体硬度的影响可以不作为关键因素考虑.     

HgCl2对太湖不同季节优势藻生长的影响

为探讨HgCl₂对不同季节湖泊生态系统的影响,以太湖不同季节优势藻——舟形藻(冬季)和惠氏微囊藻(夏季)为对象,研究不同浓度的HgCl₂对2种优势藻生长的影响以及2种藻对HgCl₂的吸附能力. 结果表明:舟形藻对HgCl₂暴露刺激比惠氏微囊藻更为敏感,在c(HgCl₂)为1×10-9~1×10-7 mol/L的范围内,HgCl₂对惠氏微囊藻的生长表现出低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的效应;而对舟形藻则表现出明显的抑制作用,并且抑制作用随着c(HgCl₂)的升高而更加明显. 吸附试验结果表明,惠氏微囊藻对HgCl₂的吸附率为88.4%~98.8%,舟形藻为87.1%~97.5%,并且吸附率和吸附量均随着c(HgCl₂)的升高而逐渐增大,说明这2种藻对HgCl₂都有极高的吸附效应. 吸附了HgCl₂的藻成为一个潜在的汞蓄积库,可对水环境产生危害.      

三种药品联合毒性作用及其环境风险分析

测定了阿司匹林、盐酸环丙沙星和阿奇霉素3种常见活性医药成分(APIs)对发光菌的单一毒性以及混合体系的联合毒性,并应用毒性单位法(TU)、相加指数法(AI)和混合毒性指数(MTI)等方法对混合体系联合作用类型进行分析.结果表明,阿司匹林显示较高的单一毒性,联合毒性中除阿司匹林-环丙沙星二元混合体系为部分相加作用外,其它体系联合毒性均呈现为不同程度的拮抗作用.同时应用简化环境模型计算了3种医药品的预测环境浓度(PEC)和预测无效应浓度(PNEC),将风险表征参数(PEC/PNEC)作为综合评价因子,获得3种医药品目前在大连开发区污水处理厂排水中的数值较低,以阿司匹林综合评价因子最高.     

典型抗生素二元混合物对明亮发光杆菌的急性联合毒性

以明亮发光杆菌作为受试生物,测定了不同类型抗生素的二元混合物对明亮发光杆菌的等比急性联合毒性.结果表明,4类抗生素对明亮发光杆菌二元等比急性联合毒性主要呈加和效应及拮抗效应.本研究可为水体中抗生素的联合生态风险评价和修复提供理论依据.     

Bioaccumulation and adverse effects of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the common onion Allium cepa as a model in ecotoxicological bioassays

The common onion Allium cepa can be easily used in ecotoxicological bioassays to evaluate the bioavailability and adverse effects of pollutants and complex mixtures like waste, industrial effluent or coal-mining drainage that contain elevated levels of trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, onions were exposed for 7 days to individual metals (1?µg?mL^?1), i.e., aluminium, copper, iron and manganese, or PAHs (1.5?ng?mL^?1), i.e., benzo[a]antracene and benzo[a]pirene. Biological effects, measured as growth inhibition of roots and leaves, were integrated with analysis of bioaccumulation in roots, bulbs and leaves. Copper, iron and benzo[a]pirene caused a significant inhibition in root development of newly formed tissues, whereas only slight variations were caused by other chemicals; the number of new root filaments and the length of the leaves did not show significant variations, thus not representing sensitive parameters to evaluate adverse effects of pollutants in A. cepa. Chemicals bioaccumulation was always significant in roots, whereas levels in bulbs and leaves exhibited increased levels only for manganese, and a decrease for aluminium. The overall results confirmed the sensitivity of the bioassays with A. cepa, suggesting their utility for future applications to evaluate the adverse effects of complex mixtures containing metals or PAHs.