对氯硝基苯对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的急性毒性试验

采用静态式致毒法进行了化学污染物对氯硝基苯(p-chloronitrobenzene,P-NCB)对锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio)的急性毒性试验,旨在确定水环境中低质量浓度对氯硝基苯对水生生物的急性毒性效应,为水质监测指标的完善和生态安全评价提供依据。当锦鲤暴露于对氯硝基苯试液中96h,24h100%死亡质量浓度(24hLC100)和96h无死亡质量浓度(96hLC0)分别为40mg·L-1和5mg·L-1,此时测得试液中COD值分别为29.77mg·L-1和28.24mg·L-1。在25～27℃下,24、48、72、96h的LC50分别为30.83、28.84、23.60、22.13mg·L-1。该研究结果表明,对氯硝基苯属于高毒物质,水环境中对氯硝基苯质量浓度与TOC(total organic carbon)成正相关,但其对常规水质监测指标COD(chemical oxygen demand)贡献很小,COD不能反映水环境中低质量浓度有机毒物对水生生物的毒性影响。     

有机锡化合物对水生无脊椎动物的毒性研究

通过不同层次水生无脊椎动物的毒理学研究，能更好地反映有机化合物的生态效应，以氯化三丁基锡（ＴＢＴＣｌ）为例，结果表明，ＴＢＴＣｌ对原生动物等５种水生无脊椎动物的半致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）为２５．６５－３５５．６３ｐｐｂ，有明显的种特异性，ＴＢＴＣｌ对河口轮虫种群净生殖率ＥＣ５０为１０ｐｐｂ，影响平均寿命ＥＣ５０为２２ｐｐｂ，根据浓度Ｃ及原生动物平衡种类数Ｓｅｑ进行回归，得方程Ｓｅｑ＝１１．８７－１．８     

Toxicity assays of ladybirds using natural predators

Nestling blue titsParus caeruleus L. were given diets containing homogenized ladybirds, to assess the effects of their chemical defences. The 2spot, 10spot and water ladybirds produced no apparent toxic effects when small numbers were given at regular intervals.The pine and kidney-spot ladybirds slightly inhibit growth and may be toxic to very young nestlings. The Water ladybird is extremely distasteful to this predator, despite its lack of toxicity. The results are discussed with reference to the proposed Müllerian and Batesian mimetic relationships between the ladybird species.     

对化学品登记要求的数据解释—生物系统效应

本文对化学品登记时所要求的生物系统效应数据做解释.涉及到的测试参数包括 藻类生长抑制、蚤类急性活动抑制和繁殖及鱼类急性毒性.     

利用人工神经网络研究含硫芳香族化合物结构与毒性的关系

本文采用简单的化学基团描述符，运用人工神经网络研究了含硫芳香族化合物对发光菌的性构效关系，并与多元线性回归相比较，结果显示了人工神经网络处理非线性问题的优越性。     

Acid mine-drainage toxicity testing

The BOD inhibition test, the activated sludge respiration inhibition test, and the Microtox® Bioassay procedure were examined for their potential as rapid toxicity screening methods for acid mine drainage (AMD) and for setting toxicity threshold levels in receiving waters. The BOD inhibition test proved to be unsuitable due to the high chemical oxygen demand of the toxicant. The long incubation time (minimum 5 d at 20°C) allowed growth of chemo-autotrophic bacteria and resulted in excessive flocculation and precipitation of metals, making accurate and meaningful measurements of inhibition impossible. The activated sludge respiration inhibition test was successful in measuring AMD toxicity, and for deriving toxicity threshold levels for the basic heterotrophic community in surface waters. However, it is a very time-consuming technique and is not sensitive enough to be used as a routine screening technique. The variability in toxicity was found to be due to the availability of metals as well as the effect of pH on metabolism. Simple linear models were derived to estimate inhibition within surface waters. Prediction of the inhibition caused by AMD can be made as long as the pH of the river water after mixing and the dilution of the AMD are known. Most accurate predictions are made using equations for specific pH ranges, but a useful estimation of inhibition can be obtained using the general equation: inhibition (%) = -2.34 pH + 6.41 AMD (%) + 22.1. The Microtox® Bioassay method, although expensive, was rapid and simple to use. It was the most sensitive test of the three, with the toxic response of marine bacteria increasing notably from 5 to 15 min due to the presence of bivalent metals in the toxicant. The problem of repeatability and reproducibility encountered with the activated sludge inhibition test was overcome with the highly standardised Microtox® method, making it an ideal screening method for AMD. However, the advantage of the activated sludge inhibition test is that the types of heterotrophic micro-organisms found in activated sludge are similar to those found in receiving waters such as the Avoca River and so more meaningful toxicity threshold values can be obtained.     

呋喃丹、杀虫双对蚯蚓(Eisenia foetida)的单一和复合毒性

利用滤纸接触法对赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafoetida)进行染毒,研究20℃时呋喃丹和杀虫双对蚯蚓的单一及复合急性毒性。试验发现,蚯蚓在这2种农药作用下表现出不同的中毒症状和死亡情况,杀虫双对蚯蚓的毒性大于呋喃丹,48h时杀虫双和呋喃丹的半致死量分别为17.19和54.06μg·cm-2。无论是杀虫双(15.73μg·cm-2)与0～62.90μg·cm-2范围内呋喃丹复合,还是呋喃丹(94.35μg·cm-2)与0～25.16μg·cm-2范围内杀虫双复合,蚯蚓均表现呋喃丹中毒症状;与单一农药相比,复合农药对蚯蚓的致死毒性有高有低,但复合农药剂量变化对蚯蚓死亡率变化的影响小于相应剂量下单一农药对蚯蚓死亡率变化的影响。     

Indicators for Chemicals: Sources,impacts and policy performance (5 pp)

Background Different types of indicators have been developed to describe the impact of chemicals on society and environment. Due to the high number of substances and their different types of use, most of these indicators are directed to specific areas of interest – regarding workplace safety, environmental health or consumer health. They address a specific subset of chemicals and can be used for monitoring enterprise-specific, national or international management measures. Main Features A survey of existing indicators for chemicals has shown that indicators already exist for a remarkable number of problem fields. As soon as the release and the environmental fate of chemicals are taken into account, the complexity of the approaches increases considerably. The distinction between indicators for drivers, pressures, state, impacts and responses, as proposed by the European Environmental Agency, supports the identification of proper indicators for a specific type of problem. Discussion and Conclusions. No single indicator exists which is able to cover the whole range of chemicals and their applications. Several indicator approaches cover at least a subset of the most relevant substances. If they are intended to be used for European monitoring, robust data must be provided by EU Member States. Chemicals in enterprises (ancillary inputs as well as process chemicals) are an important element of in-plant material flow management – in terms of occupational safety and health as well as environmental protection. Existing indicators for hazardous chemicals can be a valuable tool for process and product refinement regarding hazardous chemicals, especially for enterprises. Outlook Indicators for production and impact of chemicals, as well as policy performance indicators, are essential elements in order to monitor the management of chemicals. They have to be established for the national and for the EU level.     

硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及处理研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理,研究结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn、Cd超标,锰渣加石灰混合处理的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的重量比为25：2最佳.     

利用微量热法研究Cd2+和Cu2+对嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)的毒性效应

利用微量热法研究Cd2 和Cu2 对嗜热四膜虫BF5(TetrahymenathermophilaBF5)生长代谢毒性效应 ,结果表明 :①低浓度的Cd2 (0～ 0 .4mgL-1)和Cu2 (0～ 10mgL-1)对四膜虫的生长有促进作用 ,而高浓度的Cd2 (0 .8～ 3.2mgL-1)和Cu2 (2 0～ 2 0 0mgL-1)则产生抑制作用 ;②Cd2 和Cu2 的半抑制浓度IC50 分别为 2 .0 4mg/L和15 5 .5mg/L ;③联合毒性为协同作用 ;④微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 分别为 0 .96mg/L和 19.9mg/L ,高于种类损伤法结果 ;⑤微量热法所得Cd2 和Cu2 单独作用时的IC10 均高于II级饮用水水质标准 .而Cd2 和Cu2 间的协同作用使Cd2 的IC10 降低为 0 .31mg/L ,高于水质标准 ;Cu2 的IC10 降低为 1.16mg/L ,与水质标准相近 .总之 ,微量热法不仅是一种快速评价污染物毒性效应的新方法 ,而且可用于相关的环境毒理学理论研究 .图 1表 5参 16