多效应残差法(MERA)表征二甲亚砜-农药二元混合物毒性相互作用

采用直接均分射线设计(EquRay)构建二甲亚砜(DMSO)分别与3种常用农药乐果(DIM)、敌敌畏(DIC)和甲霜灵(MET)的二元混合物,应用微板毒性分析(MTA)测试单个物质及混合物对青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67)的发光抑制毒性.以浓度加和(concentration addition,CA)模型检测混合物的毒性相互作用,提出并应用多效应残差法(multi-effectresidual analysis,MERA)定量表征DMSO-农药二元混合物实验观测毒性相对于CA模型预测结果的偏离程度,即毒性相互作用强度.表征结果显示3组DMSO-农药二元混合物的毒性相互作用以拮抗作用为主,最强拮抗作用在-23%～-15%之间,发生拮抗作用的浓度范围及拮抗作用强度受混合物组成、组分浓度比和效应水平等因素的影响.综合分析比较MERA与传统等效线图及扩展毒性单位和对3组二元混合物的表征结果发现,MERA从生物效应角度表征毒性相互作用强度,受到混合物组成和效应水平的限制较少,适用于分析具有复杂相互作用的二元混合物.     

高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻的毒性效应

采用室内培养方法,通过检测纤细裸藻生长、光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性及DNA损伤(彗星实验)研究了高浓度氨氮胁迫对纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)的毒性效应,以期为氨氮的水生态风险评价以及藻类污水净化提供科学依据.结果表明,氨氮在所设定的浓度范围内抑制藻类的生长,浓度越高,抑制越明显,2 000 mg·L-1时相比对照抑制率达55.7%;叶绿素含量随氨氮浓度增加先升高后下降,蛋白质含量与叶绿素变化趋势基本吻合;抗氧化酶系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性随氨氮浓度增加而上升,2 000 mg·L-1时比对照分别增加了30.7%和49.4%,提示氨氮胁迫可诱导抗氧化酶活性增加;彗星实验中,纤细裸藻细胞DNA损伤程度随氨氮浓度增加而加重,表明高浓度氨氮具有潜在的致突变性.     

咪唑类离子液体毒性的QSAR/QSPR研究

离子液体因其独特的物化性质广受关注,被誉为"新一代绿色溶剂".用定量结构-性质/活性相关(QSAR/QSPR)方法建立了43种咪唑类离子液体毒性的多元线性回归预测模型,并用10种物质进行了外部测试.模型中包含了启发式算法筛选出的6个结构描述符,其统计数据分别为R2=0.921,R2CV=0.894,F=70.35,S2=0.098,外部测试集的R2=0.952.结果表明,该模型具有良好的可靠性,可用于咪唑类离子液体的毒性预测.     

Acute toxicity of acaricide in lizards (Agama agama) Inhabiting dog kennel in Ibadan, Nigeria: An environmental hazard in urban vector control

Acute toxicity of an acaricide (Nuvan^® 1000 EC) in lizards (Agama agama) was observed within 2 minutes spraying of the acaricide in an enclosed dog kennel; heavily infested by ticks in urban area of Ibadan city, South western Nigeria. The acaricide was used at the 0.5% concentration recommended by the manufacturer (Novartis). A lizard which emerged from the kennel during the acaricide spraying exhibited acute signs of toxicity which consisted of shivering, gasping and death. The clinical signs of the acute toxicity manifested in the affected lizard resembled central nervous system (CNS) breakdown or neurotoxicity. Also, two lizards (one female and one male) were found dead in the kennel in the second and third days after the single acaricide spraying operation. The acute acaricide toxicity in lizards observed in this study portrayed the danger of environmental hazard to non-target commensal organisms and it is the first reported case in the area.     

MOBILITY AND AQUATIC TOXICITY OF COPPER IN AN URBAN WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Abundant use of copper based products has resulted in increased violation of copper water quality criteria in runoff from urban storm water systems. The objectives of this work were to understand the mobility and toxicity of copper in an urban watershed and to apportion the amount of copper entering the freshwater receiving stream from different urban land covers using a mass balance approach. Sixteen rainfall events collected from the University of Connecticut study watershed between August 1998 and September 2000 were analyzed to assess copper flux in an urban storm water system. Mean flow weighted dissolved copper concentrations observed in the study for copper based architectural material runoff, pervious area runoff, impervious area runoff, and in the receiving stream were 1210 ± 840, 9 ± 3, 8 ± 2, and 14 ± 7 μg/L, respectively. Mean dissolved copper concentrations in the receiving stream exceeded Connecticut's water quality criteria. Despite exceeding the dissolved concentration based criteria, cupric ion concentrations at the system outlet remained below 0.05 μg/L for all storms analyzed, and no acute toxicity (using Daphnia pulex as the test organism) was measured in samples collected from the stream.     

Protein Metabolic Response to Carbon Tetrachloride in A Freshwater Fish, Sarotherodon Mossambicus

Exposure of a freshwater teleost, Sarotherodon mossambicus, to a sublethal concentration (26 ppm) of carbon tetrachloride for periods up to 30 days led to significant changes in the soluble protein fractions (albumin and globulins) and free amino acid content. the decrease in total protein content was greater in liver than in muscle. the protein loss was expected due to the impairement of protein synthetic activity during stress conditions.     

抗生素与杀菌剂顺序暴露对绿藻的联合毒性

本文选取常见的3种抗生素盐酸强力霉素(DOX)、红霉素(ERY)、土霉素(OXY)和3种三唑类杀菌剂腈菌唑(MYC)、丙环唑(PRO)、戊唑醇(TCZ)混合体系为研究对象,以生态系统中初级生产者绿藻(蛋白核小球藻)为受试生物,研究目标污染物顺序暴露的联合毒性.结果表明,6种单一目标污染物对蛋白核小球藻抑制毒性大小为:PRO>DOX>TCZ>ERY>MYC>OXY.抗生素-三唑类杀菌剂混合体系在50%效应浓度(EC₅₀)下同时暴露和顺序暴露的抑制率差异为0.38%~36.76%.DOX与PRO、TCZ、MYC任何一种三唑类杀菌剂顺序暴露于蛋白核小球藻,顺序相反后,对蛋白核小球藻的毒性作用均增强,最大可增强36.82%.在不同浓度与时间的影响下,PRO-DOX和TCZ-DOX顺序暴露毒性高于调整暴露顺序后的DOX-PRO和DOX-TCZ顺序暴露毒性,且浓度越高,抑制率差异越大.在96h~144h暴露时间下,暴露浓度EC₅₀/20的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.65%~11.57%;暴露浓度EC₅₀的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.15%~36.93%,顺序暴露的抑制率差异范围随浓度增加变大.在EC₅₀/20~EC₅₀暴露浓度下,暴露时间96h的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.29%~36.93%,暴露时间144h的顺序暴露抑制率差异为0.215%~30.09%,顺序暴露的抑制率差异范围随时间增加变小.因此,顺序暴露会改变抗生素与三唑类杀菌剂对蛋白核小球藻联合毒性大小,且顺序暴露、暴露时间和暴露浓度是影响毒性作用大小的关键因素.     

UV/TiO2光催化过程对二级处理出水多重生物效应的削减特性研究

为了考察复杂体系的二级处理出水在UV光解及UV/TiO_2光催化反应过程中生物效应的变化,本文探究了反应前后发光细菌的荧光抑制毒性、SOS/umu遗传毒性、小球藻光合抑制效应3种生物效应的变化,并分析了物化指标的变化与生物效应之间的关系.结果表明,UV光降解过程并不能高效削减二级处理出水的荧光抑制毒性,但可以高效削减遗传毒性和光合抑制效应,其削减率分别达到61%和81%;在低辐照强度下,UV/TiO_2光催化过程对3种生物效应的削减率分别为38%、84%和80%.增大辐照强度后,3种生物效应的削减率进一步提高,尤其是荧光抑制毒性,其削减率可提高至62%.在UV光降解条件下,二级处理出水的遗传毒性、光合抑制效应与荧光强度、UV_(254)之间存在很好的线性关系;在UV/TiO_2光催化条件下,二级处理出水的3种生物效应都与荧光强度、UV_(254)之间具有很好的线性关系.这为二级处理出水生物效应的控制及生态安全的保障提供了一定的依据.     

活性污泥降解四溴双酚A的特性、途径及毒性评估

电子行业典型污染物溴代阻燃剂对环境的污染引起了广泛关注.本文以产量最大、应用最广的典型溴代阻燃剂四溴双酚A(Tetrabromobisphenol A,TBBPA)为研究对象,考察了活性污泥降解四溴双酚A的特性、影响因素、降解途径并进行毒性评估.结果显示:活性污泥能有效降解水体中的TBBPA;在初始接菌量OD_(600)=0.77,TBBPA浓度为2.50 mg·L~(-1),温度为40℃,pH值为6.0时,经6 h反应后降解率可达58.46%,脱溴率达43.80%;在自然水体中活性污泥对TBBPA的降解受到抑制,尤其在腐殖质含量较高时;自然光能促进TBBPA降解,紫外光则抑制其降解活性;利用LC-Q-TOF-MS/MS检测到3种中间产物,推测TBBPA可能通过以下两种路径降解:①TBBPA发生甲基化和脱溴反应,产生甲基化的二溴双酚A,随后发生羟基化反应生成5-[1-(3-溴-4-甲氧基-苯基)-1-甲基-乙基]-2-甲氧基-苯酚;②TBBPA发生羟基化反应生成5-[1-(3-溴-4,5-二羟基-苯基)-1-甲基-乙基]-苯-1,2,3-三醇,随后发生脱溴、羟基化和甲基化反应,生成5-[1-(3-羟基-4,5-二甲氧基-苯基)-1-甲基-乙基]-2-甲氧基-苯-1,3-二醇;最后,利用发光细菌对该降解过程进行毒性评价,结果表明,活性污泥降解TBBPA的过程中其毒性未被完全去除,仍存在一定的环境风险.     

根据SSD推导PFOS沉积物质量基准及其在生态风险评估中的应用

沉积物中蓄积的PFOS（perfluorooctane sulfonate,全氟辛烷磺酸）对水体生态环境具有潜在的危害.为了合理评估沉积物中PFOS的危害,探究了沉积物中PFOS对摇蚊（Chironomus kiiensis）、钩虾（Hyalella azteca）、霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）等底栖生物的毒性效应;同时,以毒性试验结果和搜集的PFOS相关毒性数据为基础,利用SSD（species sensitivity distributions,物种敏感度分布法）推导PFOS沉积物质量基准;最后,将基准值与从文献中搜集得到的我国七大水系沉积物中w（PFOS）进行比较,以评估PFOS风险.结果表明:①沉积物中PFOS对摇蚊的毒性效应最为显著,其96 h、10 d、21 d毒性试验中LC₅₀分别为0.894、0.770和0.536 μg/g（以干质量计,下同）;10 d毒性试验中w（PFOS）最高值为156.5 μg/g时,钩虾未出现显著死亡,21 d毒性试验中LC₅₀为70.5 μg/g;在w（PFOS）最高值分别为112.4和76.4 μg/g的10和21 d毒性试验中,霍甫水丝蚓均未出现显著死亡.②沉积物中PFOS的CMC_sed（急性基准值）为28.6 μg/g,CCC_sed（慢性基准值）为0.060 μg/g.③我国七大水系96.0%的沉积物中w（PFOS）低于CCC_sed;其余的沉积物中w（PFOS）高于CCC_sed但低于CMC_sed,这些采样点主要分布在黄河中下游和长江下游.研究显示,我国七大水系沉积物中PFOS总体风险较低,但黄河中下游和长江下游沉积物中蓄积的PFOS可能具有潜在的风险,需要给予更多的关注.