经手口途径摄入室内含PAHs灰尘颗粒的致癌风险评价

为了探究经手口途径摄入被PAHs污染室内灰尘的致癌风险,构建了居民经手口途径摄入被污染室内灰尘颗粒的概率风险模型,运用蒙特卡罗模拟方法评价了中国上海地区居民由PAHs引起的致癌风险,分析了致癌风险的主要来源及手口途径中各参数的重要程度。结果表明:幼儿和儿童所承受的风险最大,婴儿和成年人次之,青少年和老年人较小;对于致癌风险,幼儿和儿童超过10-6的概率都为80%,但超过10-4的概率都小于5%,婴儿和成年人超过10-6的概率都为50%,但婴儿超过10-4的概率小于5%,成年人的小于0.1%,青少年和老年人超过10-6的概率分别为10%和15%,不会高于10-4;室内硬表面灰尘引起的致癌风险远大于软表面灰尘引起的致癌风险;与致癌风险相关性最大的因素为灰尘颗粒中PAHs的等效斜率、灰尘在室内软硬表面的浓度、手到口途径发生的频率和颗粒物从手掌皮肤表面到口腔的转移率。     

污染场地总石油类馏分分段法风险评估

在对某汽车工业污染场地开展土壤与地下水环境调查的基础上,根据《污染场地风险评估技术导则》中的推荐模型,采用馏分分段法对总石油类进行风险评估研究。结果表明,1)该场地主要污染物为总石油类,土壤污染物中C12~C16脂肪烃的非致癌危害商在敏感用地和非敏感用地两种用地方式下均大于1,地下水污染物中C8~C10脂肪烃、C12~C16脂肪烃、C16~C21脂肪烃、C21~C34脂肪烃、C21~C35芳香烃的非致癌危害商在两种用地方式下均远大于1;2)敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类的修复限值为1 023.92mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为1.805 mg/L;3)非敏感用地方式下,土壤中总石油类修复限值为3 292.92 mg/kg,地下水中总石油类的修复限值为11.457 mg/L。     

Powered two-wheeler riders' risk of crashes associated with filtering on urban roads

Objective: The objective of this study is to estimate the crash risk per kilometer traveled by powered two-wheeler (PTW) riders filtering through traffic on urban roads.

Methods: Using the traffic injury crashes recorded by the police over a period of 3 years on 14 sections of urban roads in the city of Marseille, France, and a campaign of observations of PTWs, the crash risk per kilometer traveled by PTWs filtering was estimated and compared to the risk of PTWs that did not filter.

Results: The results show that the risk of PTW riders being involved in injury crashes while filtering is significantly higher than the risk for riders who do not filter. For the 14 sections studied, it is 3.94 times greater (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.63, 5.89). This excess risk occurred for all PTW categories. Furthermore, no space appears to be safer than the others for filtering. Riders filtering forward along the axis of the carriageway, along bus lanes, or between traffic lanes (lane-splitting) all have a crash risk greater than the risk of those who do not filter.

Conclusions: All measures limiting the practice of filtering by PTWs on urban roads would probably contribute to improving the safety of their users.     

改性粉煤灰在处理锑矿选矿废水中的应用

针对锑矿选矿废水中锑和丁基黄原酸钠严重超标的问题,用酸改性粉煤灰对其进行吸附处理.试验结果表明,当改性粉煤灰处理选矿废水的最佳质量体积比(g.mL-1)为1:100,pH值为3,静置时间为4h时,可以将选矿废水中的锑浓度从28.611mg.L-1降到0.05mg.L-1以下,去除率达99.8%以上;废水中的丁基黄原酸钠浓度可从0.373mg.L-1降到0.02mg.L-1以下,去除率达95.0%以上.处理废水后的改性粉煤灰用硫酸-硝酸浸提,浸出液中重金属离子浓度均低于国家浸出毒性标准,表明改性粉煤灰是一种很好的锑矿选矿废水处理剂.     

氯酚类化合物对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝幼鱼的毒性

以我国特有青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝为受试物种,利用其生命早期阶段的急性毒性LC50值和28d慢性生长抑制试验所获得的最大可接受浓度(MATC)评价了3种氯酚类化合物的毒性效应.实验结果显示,2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP),2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)和五氯酚(PCP)对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鯝的的96hLC50值分别为4.01(3.61～4.68)、1.22(1.12～1.31)、0.10(0.08～0.11)mg·mL-1和2.48(1.94～2.89)、1.10(0.38～1.36)、0.09(0.08～0.10)mg·mL-1,且3种氯酚类化合物对青鱼的毒性和细鳞斜颌鲴的毒性存在良好的线性相关性.根据化学物质对鱼类毒性分级标准,PCP对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鲴均为剧毒,2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP对青鱼和细鳞斜颌鲴均为高毒.青鱼对2,4-DCP,2,4,6-TCP和PCP的MATC分别为0.05mg·mL-1、0.10mg·mL-1和0.015mg·mL-1,对应的急慢性毒性比(ACR)分别为80.2、12.2和6.67;细鳞斜颌鲴对2,4-DCP、2,4,6-TCP和PCP的MATC分别为0.30mg·mL-1、0.15mg·mL-1和0.01mg·mL-1,对应ACR分别为8.27、7.33和9.00.     

氟虫腈对斑马鱼和小菜蛾毒性的手性选择性研究

手性农药分子的不同对映体在环境中的降解速率和对于生物的毒性可能存在很大的差异,因此拆分并使用对靶标生物毒性较高或对非靶标生物毒性较低的单一或浓缩的对映体配方可以有效地降低杀虫剂的环境风险.本文用手性柱拆分了一种广泛使用的手性农药,氟虫腈的两种对映体,研究了这两种对映体和消旋体对靶标生物小菜蛾和非靶标生物斑马鱼的急性毒性.结果表明氟虫腈对受试靶标和非靶标生物的毒性均无手性选择性,说明无法通过对氟虫腈进行手性拆分并使用单一对映体配方来降低氟虫腈的环境风险.这一结论间接支持了农业部新近出台的禁止氟虫腈用于防治农田害虫的政策.     

杀菌剂三唑酮毒性及内分泌干扰作用研究进展

在对近年来国内外三唑酮研究的热点问题进行分析讨论的基础上,概述了三唑酮的检测、毒性、内分泌干扰作用等方面研究的进展工作。     

乙二胺四乙酸项目环境风险评价实例分析与探讨

环境风险评价是环境影响评价领域的一个新课题,20世纪80年代以来,发达国家就将环境风险评价纳入环境管理的范畴,环境风险评价已成为可能发生事故危险的建设项目环境影响评价中重要而不可缺少的组成部分。由于乙二胺四乙酸生产所用原料都具有一定毒害特性,故对具有发生潜在事故风险的乙二胺四乙酸建设项目,其潜在风险事故发生的可能性及其影响后果在环境风险评价中均应得到反映。本文以某拟建乙二胺四乙酸项目为例,分析乙二胺四乙酸项目环境风险评价。     

Sensitivity of green and blue-green algae to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) during a fifteen-day test

The test was designed to assess the toxicity of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) to Chlorella ellipsoidea and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae during 15 d with concentrations of MTBE from high (2.00×104 mg/L) to low (2 mg/L). The results showed that the toxicity was low when the concentration of MTBE was 1.00×104-2.00×104 mg/L (the greatest inhibition of growth-rate was 70%-71%, occurring on day 1-5). Low concentrations (2-500 mg/L) stimulated algal growth up to the greatest effect of 85%-200% when the concentration of MTBE was 50-100 mg/L on day 3-5. The low concentrations may lead to an algal bloom owing to overabundance, which represents an aquatic ecological risk. However, the stimulatory effect occurred only during the day 1-5 and disappeared gradually during the day 13-15. The toxicity of MTBE (72-120 h EC50) is 6.65×103-9.58×103 mg/L for C. ellipsoidea and that is 1.14×104-2.00×104 mg/L for A. spiroides. We found that the toxicity and ecological risk of MTBE for the algal community structure were low. The toxicity was influenced by the duration of the test. We suggest that the duration of the test should not be shorter than half a life-cycle.