关于生态毒理学与环境毒理学几个基本概念的见解

对生态毒理学和环境毒理学的几个基本概念进行了论述.首先,论述生态毒理学和环境毒理学的定义和各自的研究范畴,提出二者区分的条件和方法;其次,对“毒物”和“非毒物”的概念进行论述,否定了“物质即毒物”的论点;第三,论述“靶器官”概念的局限性及其对学科发展的不利影响,提出以“敏感器官”概念代替“靶器官”的见解.     

农药污染对蚯蚓毒性毒理研究进展

综述了农药污染对蚯蚓个体毒性、种群毒性及复合毒性3个方面的研究进展,认为农药污染对蚯蚓的毒理学研究将会取得更大的发展。     

Responses of three mouse species to deterrent chemicals in the monarch butterfly. I. Taste and toxicity tests using artificial diets laced with digitoxin or monocrotaline

Summary Of three common mouse species at the Mexican overwintering sites of the monarch butterfly, onlyPeromyscus melanotis eats monarchs. We hypothesized thatP. aztecus andReithrodontomys sumichrasti reject monarchs because they are more sensitive to the bitter taste and/or toxic effects of the cardiac glycosides (CGs) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in the butterflies. Two-choice preference tests revealed no difference in taste avoidance thresholds to free base and N-oxide forms of the PA, monocrotaline, but very different avoidance thresholds to the CG, digitoxin. Avoidance thresholds forR. sumichrasti andP. aztecus were, in respective order, 1020 and 34 times less than that forP. melanotis. We also tested the toxic sensitivity of juvenile mice by chronically feeding diets containing digitoxin or monocrotaline at concentrations similar to those used in the preference tests. No species developed CG toxicity, but bothP. melanotis andP. aztecus developed moderate PA toxicity (R. sumichrasti was not tested for PA toxicity).P. aztecus grew more slowly and manyP. melanotis had hepatic metabolic lesions. Thus, the three mouse species responded very differently to the taste and toxic properties of CGs and PAs at ecologically relevant concentrations: 1) CGs were taste rejected by all species exceptP. melanotis, while PAs were not; and 2) PAs were toxic, while CGs were not.     

斑马鱼及其胚胎在毒理学中的实验研究与应用进展

作为一种模式生物,斑马鱼具有很多其他模式生物所不具备的优点,已被广泛应用于生物学各领域,具有十分广阔的发展前景.论文首先介绍了斑马鱼的基因组学,包括正向遗传学、反向遗传学以及斑马鱼在药物研发和人类疾病研究中的应用;其次就斑马鱼在发育生物学中的应用进行了概述;最后,介绍了斑马鱼在毒理学各方面(急性毒性、内分泌干扰、发育毒性、神经毒性、血管研究和癌症研究)的应用进展.     

磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的发展及其在环境毒理研究中的应用

磷酸化修饰是蛋白质最主要的翻译后修饰形式之一,磷酸化蛋白质组学从整体上观察细胞或组织中磷酸化修饰的状态及其变化,为探讨药物刺激和环境应激下生物体受损的生物学过程提供新的视角.针对磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的发展以及其在环境毒理研究中的应用展开综述.首先,从磷酸化肽富集、磷酸化蛋白的鉴定和磷酸化位点的预测、定量磷酸化蛋白质组学研究3个方面对磷酸化蛋白质组学技术的研究内容和分析策略进行了概述.在此基础上,按照离体实验、活体实验以及毒性作用通路分析3部分对磷酸化蛋白质组学在环境毒理研究中的应用进行了详细阐述.最后,总结了目前磷酸化蛋白质组学研究的不足,并有针对性地提出了磷酸化蛋白质组学在环境毒理研究中的发展方向.     

CHARACTERIZATION OF TOXIC CONDITIONS ABOVE WILSON'S CREEK NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK,MISSOUR1

ABSTRACT: Wilson's Creek has an extensive history of toxicity from both point and nonpoint sources. Seven-day chronic daphnid (Ceriodaphnia dubia) bioassays identified one toxic site in the Wilson's Creek watershed. Procedures for the characterization phase of a Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) were modified for chronic assessment and performed on four water samples from the toxic site. The characterization involved chemical/physical alterations of samples, combined with bioassays, to help in identification of the class(es) of toxicants; followed by chemical analyses. To help understand the additivity of mixtures, toxic units were derived. Successive samples contained concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc that literature values describe as being chronically toxic to daphnids. Summed chronic toxic units for these values greatly exceeded ambient toxic units, and more than accounted for observed toxicity. Substantial fluctuations in water quality occurred over the five sampling periods of the characterization studies and a Test of Methods, June through August, 1991. This variability illustrates the difficulty in detecting and documenting nonpoint sources of pollution. Tests using living organisms, in conjunction with toxicity identification methods, on samples taken over time appear to be appropriate for detecting acute and chronic toxicity in areas impacted by intermittent point and nonpoint-source toxicity.     

纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤研究进展

随着纳米技术的不断发展,纳米材料被广泛地应用于工业、农业、食品和医药卫生等领域.一些原本无毒或低毒的材料,当粒径达到纳米级时,毒性明显增强.纳米二氧化钛广泛应用于化妆品和工业产品中,它对生物系统的影响受到了世界广泛的关注.目前就纳米二氧化钛整体和体外生物效应或安全性已经进行了大量的研究.本文围绕纳米二氧化钛对肺部损伤的研究进展及挑战进行综述.认为纳米二氧化钛粒径与损伤之间的关系还不十分明确,今后还需进一步探索纳米材料与生物分子、细胞的相互作用及其过程.     

摇蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶最佳反应体系的建立及有机磷类药剂敏感度比较

花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)是一种重要的水生昆虫,经常用于水体环境质量的生物学评价.用正交试验方法研究了酶浓度、底物浓度、反应体系pH值、反应温度、反应时间5个因素对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)活性测定的影响.通过对正交试验结果进行极差和方差分析,明确了测定摇蚊AChE活性的最适反应条件是酶浓度为5头/mL、底物浓度为6 mmol/L、pH值为8.0、温度为35℃、反应时间为10 min.DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷对花翅摇蚊的LC50值分别为8.93 mg/L、16.74 mg/L和47.65 mg/L.利用正交试验得到的反应最适条件进一步研究了花翅摇蚊接触上述3种药剂亚致死剂量后对其体内AChE活性的影响.结果表明,无论是时间效应还是剂量效应,3种药剂对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE影响的趋势与生物测定结果是一致的,其对花翅摇蚊幼虫体内AChE的抑制能力依次为DDVP、马拉硫磷和甲胺磷.     

Identification of Sudan III-(deoxy)-guanosine adducts formed in situ in a reaction with no catalyst

Incubation of guanosine and Sudan III induces the formation of a stable adduct, which may be identified using a spectrophotometric technique and mass spectroscopy. The high nucleophilicity of the C⁸ position and its proximity to N⁷ makes the site susceptible to a nucleophilic attack, which explains the S_N2 reaction detected between guanosine and Sudan III dye. In addition, direct interaction of Sudan III with calf thymus DNA was monitored using a simple spectrophotometric technique. The results presented indicate that a simple modification of the chemical structure of Sudan I (monoazo dye) to Sudan III (diazo dye) markedly alters reactivity towards nitrogenous DNA bases.     

The international toxicity equivalency factor (I‐TEF) method for estimating risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds∗

The International Toxicity Equivalency Factor (I‐TEF) method of risk assessment is a revised interim procedure for assessing the risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (CDDs and CDFs). This updated scheme was developed by a working group of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society and has been officially adopted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Canada, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, the Nordic countries, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Prior to the development of the I‐TEF method, at least ten slightly different schemes had been used throughout the world which complicated communication among scientists and regulatory agencies concerning the toxicological significance of complex mixtures of CDDs and CDFs. The I‐TEF approach facilitates risk communication internationally by reducing large volumes of analytical data into a single number‐International Toxicity Equivalents (I‐TEQ). As a result, the I‐TEF method represents an improvement in an already useful risk assessment/regulatory tool.