石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定水中痕量铜、铅、镉

用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法对水中痕量铜、铅、镉样品进行测定。结果表明,采用合适的仪器和石墨管升温程序条件,并注意进样针位置调节和石墨管的选择,测定的精密度和准确度好,灵敏度高,能满足水中痕量样品的分析。     

考虑尾矿材料参数空间变异性的尾矿坝稳定可靠度分析

为客观地评价尾矿坝稳定性,在随机场理论和极限平衡分析框架下,采用考虑参数空间变异性尾矿坝可靠度分析的非侵入式随机有限元法,通过Karhunen Loève级数展开方法离散尾矿材料参数（渗透系数、摩擦角等）随机场,利用Hermite随机多项式展开拟合尾矿坝安全系数与输入参数之间的隐式函数关系;再采用拉丁超立方抽样技术产生输入参数样本点求解多项式展开系数;最后,通过应用到一实际尾矿坝工程说明了该方法的有效性。结果表明,该方法可以真实地模拟尾矿材料的空间变异性对尾矿坝稳定性的影响,保证尾矿坝可靠度分析与确定性稳定分析互不耦合,与10 000次直接拉丁超立方抽样方法相比,该方法具有较高的计算精度和效率。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Site-Specific Characterization of Castromil Brownfield Area Related to Gold Mining Activities

Castromil is one of the gold mining areas in Portugal that has been abandoned since 1940. This area, which was first mined in Roman times, is located within a Hercynian granite body near the contact with Silurian metasediments. Gold is essentially disseminated along veins in the silicified granite, running NW-SE, related with a shear zone and frequently associated with sulphides (arsenopyrite and basically pyrite). In paragenetic terms, three stages of mineralization are considered: ferro-arseniferous (quartz + arsenopyrite I + pyrite I + pyrrhotite + bismuth), zinciferous (sphalerite + chalcopyrite), and remobilization (arsenopyrite II + galena + gold). Due to the lack of laws and environmental education, Castromil is today a gold mining heritage site where we can detect the consequences of an incautious exploration (tailings, wells and adits located in the old explored zone) and where a residential area is located. In order to characterize the actual state of the old mining area the trace metal contamination of soils and waters by mining activities was investigated. In the studied area 106 soil samples, 15 waters and 20 plants were sampled and analysed. The soil samples were analysed for 32 elements by ICP-AES. Waters were analysed by ionic chromatography and ICP-MS for major and trace elements. Plants were analysed for As, Fe and Pb by AAS. The results are discussed taking into account the risk-based standards for soils and groundwater's (target and intervention values) proposed by Swartjes (1999). The results show elevated concentration of As and Pb which were found in soils collected from agricultural areas. Foodstuff plants species collected in the Castromil agricultural area show high concentrations of As in the leaves (cabbage and lettuce) and in the tubers (potatoes). Groundwaters in the mining area contain high concentrations of As that exceeds the intervention values. The area must to be subject to a remediation process, considering the actual risks to humans and ecosystems and the risks due to contaminant migration.     

青海草原火灾环境因素分析

应用1995-2004年10 a青海草原火灾调查资料和火灾区14个具有代表性气象台站的气象资料,分析研究了草原火灾区的气候特征、牧草结构、放牧状况,及火灾时空分布、危害和与气象要素间的关系,为预防和监测草原火灾,加强草原防火管理工作提供参考依据。分析结果表明:青海草原火灾有两个高发区,分别位于青海湖的南、北部,高发区火灾次数占火灾总次数的70%。冬春季平均气温年际增温明显时,对应的年火灾次数大幅度上升,冬春季平均气温年际变化每升高1℃,年火灾次数增加1.6次。冬春季降水偏少且分布不均、气温偏高是火灾增加的主要因素。草原秋冬转换期的11月和冬春季转换期的3月是草原火灾多发期,这2个月的火灾次数占总数的54%。草原火灾发生前,气象要素中日变化明显的有降水、风、地温、相对湿度、蒸发量等,过火面积、损失程度因这些气象条件的不同而有所差异。持续性的“暖干”天气,使草原处于极干燥、易燃的状态,它在火灾个例中占65%,草原上一旦出现火源,风助火威,就能迅速燃烧,风速与过火面积成正比。     

Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the trace element contents of soils

In the last few decades, metal oxide nanoparticles have shown impact in various areas, and such an impact causes an increased release in a different environment like soil, water, or air. A limited number of studies on soils showed that the biochemical parameters were affected by the metal oxide nanoparticles. However, the influence of metal oxide nanoparticles on soil elements has not been investigated. For this aim, zinc oxide nanoparticles were applied to two different soils; also, the effect of planting on soil elements was investigated via the cultivation of various plants roots (taproots, fibrous, bulb). Soils were treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles at 0, 1.0 and 20.0?mg during 4 weeks. Then, surface soil samples were collected and digested using an acid digestion procedure. Some biochemically important elements (Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, Al, Cu, Co, Ni) were determined using a microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The effect of time and dose-dependent zinc oxide nanoparticles on the element contents of different soils was investigated during planting, and the results were statistically evaluated.     

人工养殖与野生扬子鳄卵中重金属含量分析

以原子吸收分光光度法，测定了人工养殖与野生的扬子鳄卵中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb等重金属元素的含量，并对上述4种元素的分布状况和差异性进行了探讨。实验表明，人工繁殖卵中重金属元素含量高于野生卵，人工饲养过程中所提供的饮水和饲料中重金属元素含量高于自然界，值得关注和重视。     

煤矿不同群体间安全文化认知的比较研究

为探究煤矿企业不同群体员工对安全文化认知的差异,将企业员工划分为管理层、专业人员、班组长和一线员工4类群体。通过问卷和SCAP（safety culture analysis program）系统分析等方法,对南阳矿业公司下属3个煤矿中的150名员工进行了安全文化认知水平测评,并利用SPSS 18.0对所得数据进行处理。结果表明:不同群体间安全文化认知水平存在显著差异,样本群体对于企业理念理解、安全业绩、员工违章3个要素认知水平较低;管理层、专业人员、班组长和一线员工安全文化认知水平得分分别为74.4,75,76.4和73.2,其中,班组长的安全文化认知水平最高,一线员工的安全文化认知水平最低,且管理层人员的安全文化认知水平较国际上安全业绩最好企业的同类人员偏低,差值达19.2分。     

The Influence of the Biometric Parameters on Metallothionein and Metal Level in the Heat-Treated Cytosol of the Whole Soft Tissue of Transplanted Mussels

The influence of the biometric parameters (shell mass, whole soft tissue mass, condition index) on MT and metal levels in the heat-treated cytosol of the whole soft tissue of transplanted mussels was studied over the period of one year. The positive correlation of three metals (Cd, Fe, Zn) with the shell mass indicated to time-dependent increase of their contents. Strong correlation of Mn content with the whole soft tissue mass (r = 0.74, p < 0.0001), and almost identical changes of these two parameters over the year make Mn a good indicator of mussel's condition. As opposed to the other metals, Cu content does not exhibit connection with biometry. On the other hand, MTs are highly influenced by biometry. As much as 65% of their variability could be explained by the changes of the shell mass and the whole soft tissue mass. Consequently, it is difficult to distinguish if the obtained positive correlation between Cd and MTs (r = 0.48, p < 0.05) reflects MT induction by Cd, or Cd accumulation as a result of age-dependent increase of MTs. Due to the strong influence of the biometry on MT level, the whole soft tissue is not considered as the best choice for measuring MTs as a biomarker. Better option would be to isolate a specific tissue that shows indisputable connection between MT induction and metal accumulation.     

基于ANSYS的可靠度分析方法及应用

通过对可靠度分析的概述理解到现代工程分析中实体模型不确定因素众多,进而带来分析的不准确性。基于有限元分析软件ANSYS提供的概率设计系统(PDS)的概率分析功能,使对结构的概率分析非常容易。根据结构的失效模式来确定结构功能函数,由此建立结构极限状态方程,再运用结构可靠度分析中的蒙特卡洛法(MCS法)利用结构的失效频率来估算其失效概率。在本文中提出了利用ANSYS的概率分析功能结合MCS法进行结构的可靠性分析的方法,并通过一个实例具体说明了利用ANSYS的概率分析功能实现结构的可靠性分析的可行性。