炼油装置元素S高温腐蚀产物FeS2的自然氧化性

使Fe2O3和Fe(OH)3分别与元素S在不同条件下进行硫化反应,并采用X射线衍射仪鉴定硫化产物组成,在95 ℃恒温水浴中对硫化产物进行氧化反应,考察了硫化温度和硫化时间对硫化产物自然氧化性的影响.结果表明,元素S高温硫化产物主要是FeS2.硫化产物FeS2具有较高的自然氧化性,随着硫化温度升高,硫化时间延长,硫化产物的自然氧化性增大,更容易发生氧化放热反应,造成油品火灾和爆炸事故.元素S与Fe2O3硫化温度在360 ℃以上,与Fe(OH)3硫化温度在300 ℃以上时,其硫化产物FeS2具有较高的自然氧化性.硫化时间在24 h以上时,Fe2O3、Fe(OH)3的硫化产物自然氧化性较大.     

滇东南岩溶区土壤有效态微量元素丰度特征及其影响因素

为了解滇东南岩溶区土壤有效态微量元素丰度特征及其影响因素,采用对角线取样法对研究区土壤进行采样并进行了测试分析.结果表明,不同地层土壤有效硼质量比由小到大为奥陶系、泥盆系、寒武系,有效铜质量比由小到大为寒武系、奥陶系、泥盆系,有效锌和有效铁质量比由小到大为寒武系、泥盆系、奥陶系.pH值、有机质是影响土壤有效态微量元素的重要因素,有效硼、有效铜、有效锌质量比与pH值呈正相关,有效铁质量比与pH值呈负相关;有效硼、有效铜质量比与有机质质量比呈极显著正相关(p＜0.01),有效锌质量比与有机质质量比呈显著正相关(p＜0.01),而有效铁质量比与有机质质量比相关性不明显.根据中科院微量元素组制定的标准,不同地层土壤有效硼、有效锌质量比级别为极低或低,有效铜质量比级别为中,有效铁质量比为高或极高.     

埋地热油管道泄漏裂纹开裂的应力研究

研究了导致埋地热油管道泄漏裂纹开裂的应力机制,采用有限元方法对埋地热油管道进行模拟计算,求得热-结构耦合作用下管道整体当量应力变化云图,并得出管道弯管处应力高于直管段应力的结论;继而采用电阻应变测试法对埋地热油管道的弯管处进行实时应力测定,并绘制了各测点的轴向和周向应力变化曲线,通过各测点应力比较得出弯管内侧有两点应力波动幅值偏大,弯管外侧4号测点处轴向应力超过管材的屈服点。结果表明:在结构-热应力耦合作用下,埋地热油管道在弯管外侧轴向应力最大,易有I型裂纹萌生并扩展,在弯管内侧易有疲劳裂纹萌生并扩展。     

青岛大气总悬浮颗粒物中微量元素的含量特征及其来源解析

利用2012年12月在青岛连续采集的31个总悬浮颗粒物样品(TSP),分析了其中13种微量元素的浓度,讨论了微量元素的浓度特征,并运用正矩阵因子分析法(PMF)定量解析了气溶胶中元素的来源.结果表明,青岛气溶胶中微量元素的总浓度为(7.37±4.19)μg·m-3,以Al和Fe的浓度最高,对总浓度的贡献约为92%,其次为Zn和Pb,分别贡献了3.7%和1.6%,Mn、Ba、Cu、Sr、As、V、Cd、Co和Cs的浓度依次降低,其贡献均低于1%.依据富集因子这些微量元素可以分为3类,Al、Fe、Mn、Co、V、Sr和Ba主要来自地壳源的贡献,Cs和Cu受地壳源和人为源的共同影响,Zn、As、Pb和Cd则主要受人为源的影响.雾霾天时主要来自人为源的元素相比地壳源的元素更多的在大气中累积,雨雪天时降雨/雪对地壳元素的湿清除作用明显高于人为源的元素.12月青岛气溶胶中Fe和Mn主要来自土壤源的贡献,其次为生物质燃烧和机动车一次排放源;Co主要来自土壤源、生物质燃烧和燃煤源的贡献;Zn主要来自机动车一次排放源、土壤源和生物质燃烧源的贡献;Cu则主要来自冶金工业源的贡献;As主要来自燃煤源的贡献;Pb和Cd主要来自机动车一次排放源和冶金工业源的贡献.     

Assessment of physico-chemical properties and metal contents of water and sediments of Bodo Creek,Niger Delta,Nigeria

Some physico-chemical properties and the concentrations of the metals Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn in water and sediments were examined from September 2011 to January 2012 in Bodo Creek, where oil spills have been recurrent. Temperature, pH, total dissolved solid, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total hardness, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate were determined in surface water. Particle size, total organic matter (TOM), and pH were also determined in the sediments. The parameters were within permissible limits except the mean values of BOD, COD, total hardness, and sulfate that exceeded levels permissible for domestic use. The sediments consisted mainly of sand, with TOM ranging from 0.2% to 5.5%. With the exception of cadmium that was below detection limit, metal levels (mg kg^?1) in the sediments were 12 (Mn), 1070 (Fe), 10 (Cu), 10 (Zn), 5.3 (Cr), 1.1 (Pb), 1.0 (Ni), and 0.5 (Co) while in water they were 24, 98, 21, 6.9, 4.0, 0.6, 0.18, and 0.16, respectively. The latter were higher than World Health Organization recommended permissible levels for both surface and drinking water.     

太湖湖心区的痕量金属历史沉积过程研究

以太湖湖心区的沉积物为研究对象,解析了湖心区痕量金属的沉积通量年变化,探明了湖心区痕量金属的历史沉积情况.结果表明:湖心区各样点沉积物的沉积速率从1950年以前的(0.032±0.023)g·cm-2·a-1缓慢递增到1980前后的(0.076±0.030)g·cm-2·a-1,1980年后突增明显,在2000年后达到(0.185±0.132)g·cm-2·a-1.湖心区沉积物中8种痕量金属(钒、铬、镍、铜、锌、砷、镉和铅)的含量年变化没有明显递增趋势,在20世纪80年代(对应沉积柱4~9 cm深度处)前后相差不大(变幅小于20%).但8种金属元素的沉积通量随时间推进而递增,与1980年前相比,金属沉积通量在1980年后突增倍数达到11倍以上.金属沉积通量与沉积物的沉积速率显著正相关,并与20世纪20年代以来太湖流域社会经济发展形势相一致.1980年后8种痕量金属沉积总量在湖心区西部最大,而沉积物沉积速率对湖心区南部的痕量金属沉积总量贡献最大.通过金属沉积通量可以更全面地研究太湖重金属的历史沉积过程和人为活动的干扰效应.     

天山山地河流水体中微量重金属的分布特征及形态分析

为了解绿洲经济迅速发展背景下天山山地河流水体中重金属分布特征及形态特征,对乌鲁木齐-阿克苏、巴里坤-伊吾、昭苏-特克斯等3个区段河流干支流重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Cd的分布、来源、污染状况及存在形态进行了分析.结果表明:1天山山地各取样河流的p H值大部分在8.0左右,为偏碱性的环境;各取样点水体的氧化还原反应电位值在150~200 m V之间,为弱氧化的环境.水质评价表明,3个采样区段河流中7种重金属的含量均低于国家Ⅰ类水质标准及WHO饮用水健康的建议标准.2多元统计分析表明,7种重金属可以归为3个主成分,其中PC1(Hg、Zn和Pb)主要受人为污染因素的影响;PC 2(Cr和As)主要受自然地质背景的影响;PC 3(Cd和Cu)同时受人为和自然因素的共同影响.3污染评价表明,天山山地河流中7种重金属的单因子污染指数值和综合污染指数值均小于1,属于安全等级,清洁水平.4形态分析表明,重金属Pb、Cd和Hg在天山中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段干支流,重金属As和Cu在天山东部的巴里坤-伊吾区段和天山西部的昭苏-特克斯区段干支流中溶解态的含量均大于50%,生物毒性较大.总体上,3个采样区段河流干支流重金属的总量及溶解态含量均较低,未造成污染.但在天山山地中部的乌鲁木齐-阿克苏区段,河流干支流中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的总量及溶解态含量较高.应加强对该区域人类活动的合理规划以及河流水质监测,防止因人为污染而导致河流水体中重金属的含量过高,危害生态环境.     

Effects of thickness profile and inner/outer of localized thin area defects on the remaining strength of pressure equipment

When encountering pressure equipment with a structural defect such as a local thinning defect (LTA), a critical question often arises regarding the safety of continued operation. This is primarily determined by the strength at the LTA zone, as it represents the weakest point of the structure. The remaining strength factor (RSF) is proposed as an indicator to evaluate the remaining strength and life of pressure equipment when a severe LTA is identified. The API 579/ASME FFS standard offers a series of practical engineering approaches for field engineers to follow, which have achieved great success. However, it has been found that the simpler Level 1 and Level 2 approaches sometimes fail to differentiate between LTAs on the inner or outer surface of the pressure equipment, yielding identical numerical processes and results. Moreover, the use of critical thickness profiles to replace the actual thickness profile in analysis can lead to overly optimistic estimation of the RSF, posing a potential danger when the RSF is close to the allowable limit. Key issues investigated in this study include: (a) discrepancies caused by the use of simplified critical thickness profiles or parabolic profiles, as API 579 suggested, on the RSF; (b) differences in RSFs when the same LTA is on the inner and outer wall; and (c) comparisons of membrane stress and bending stress, as well as their influences on the RSF at the cross-section of the vessel wall. It can be concluded with certainty that all simplified geometries (CTP and PTP) tend to underestimate the RSF and should be used with caution. Additionally, the actual remaining strength of the outer LTA was found to be slightly lower than that of the inner LTA of identical size. Therefore, when remaining life and derating for prolonged operation are of interest, finite element analysis on pressure equipment with the LTA is recommended.     

高速铁路插板式声屏障抗弯能力有限元分析

声屏障作为噪声污染治理的主要措施之一,已广泛应用于公路、铁路、市政等多种领域。以往人们主要做了高速铁路声屏障风荷载等相关研究,本文在分析高速铁路声屏障风载荷构成的基础上,对北京士兴钢结构有限公司提供的声屏障装配体制作了有限元模型对其抗弯能力进行了仿真研究。通过仿真研究整理出一套声屏障抗弯承载力仿真分析的方法,并利用该方法对不同规格和结构的声屏障产品进行了分析研究,对声屏障开发及技术改进做出了理论上的支持。     

Influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin, China

The influence of the Haizhou Open Pit Mine on the atmospheric flow in nearby Fuxin City in China was analyzed with the aid of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations. The finite element method was used to obtain numerical solutions to these equations. The results showed that the Haizhou Open Pit Coal Mine contributes to the turbulent flow in the Fuxin City and its surroundings. However,when compared with the climatic effects, the open pit mine has a relatively small impact on the atmospheric flow over Fuxin.