Rare earth elements tracing the soil erosion processes on slope surface under natural rainfall

A field experiment using rare earth elements (REEs) as tracers was conducted to investigate soil erosion processes on slope surfaces during rainfall events. A plot of 10 m × 2 m × 0.16 m with a gradient of 20° (36.4%) was established and the plot was divided into two layers and four segments. Various REE tracers were applied to the different layers and segments to determine sediment dynamics under natural rainfall. Results indicated that sheet erosion accounted for more than 90% of total erosion when the rainfall amount and density was not large enough to generate concentrated flows. Sediment source changed in different sections on the slope surface, and the primary sediment source area tended to move upslope as erosion progressed. In rill erosion, sediment discharge mainly originated from the toe-slope and moved upwards as erosion intensified. The results obtained from this study suggest that multi-REE tracer technique is valuable in understanding the erosion processes and determining sediment sources.     

Influence of fly ash aided phytostabilisation of Pb, Cd and Zn highly contaminated soils on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens metal transfer and physiological stress

Due to anthropogenic activities, large extends of soils are highly contaminated by Metal Trace Element (MTE). Aided phytostabilisation aims to establish a vegetation cover in order to promote in situ immobilisation of trace elements by combining the use of metal-tolerant plants and inexpensive mineral or organic soil amendments. Eight years after Coal Fly Ash (CFA) soil amendment, MTE bioavailability and uptake by two plants, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens, were evaluated, as some biological markers reflecting physiological stress. Results showed that the two plant species under study were suitable to reduce the mobility and the availability of these elements. Moreover, the plant growth was better on CFA amended MTE-contaminated soils, and the plant sensitivity to MTE-induced physiological stress, as studied through photosynthetic pigment contents and oxidative damage was lower or similar. In conclusion, these results supported the usefulness of aided phytostabilisation of MTE-highly contaminated soils.     

Mg/Al水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附动力学和热力学

研究了Mg／A1水滑石对水中痕量邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2一乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DnOP）的吸附动力学和热力学特性。结果表明,在所研究的浓度范围内,3种邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附动力学曲线均符合准二级速率方程,DMP、DEHP和DnOP分别在600、200和200min基本达到吸附平衡;3种邻苯二甲酸酯的吸附等温线基本符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程;在283～308K范围,pH=6．36,3种邻苯二甲酸酯初始浓度均为50μg／L时,吸附过程△H为负值且绝对值为5～12kJ／mol,表明吸附为放热过程,以表面物理吸附为主,邻苯二甲酸酯在Mg／Al水滑石上的吸附是色散力、诱导力、取向力和氢键力等多种作用力协同作用的结果。     

油田在役石油井架安全检测及评价技术

从石油井架风灾害分析人手,客观分析了油田在役钻机井架不能正常工作或倾倒的根本原因。基于相似理论和基本假设,建立了石油井架计算机有限元模型,进行了结构有限元分析,并以JJ160／41-K型井架为例进行了现场实测。结果表明,基于有限元理论建立的石油井架安全检测与评价技术,能够满足当前石油勘探开发对在役石油钻机井架安全评价的基本需要。     

基于主成分分析法的空管多指标安全综合评估研究

在空中交通管制运行风险识别的基础上,建立反映其安全状况的指标体系,并确定指标的量化方式。运用主成分分析法对指标数据进行处理,建立管制安全综合评价模型;通过实例对管制安全的评价结果进行分析,认为管制员违规操作和技术水平是影响管制安全运行的重要因素,另外空管设备的完好程度对管制安全存在较大的隐患。根据建立的模型,对4个管制单位的安全性进行了评价。综合评估的结果为空管部门制定安全措施及预防对策提供科学的分析依据。     

广东省水资源可持续利用评价研究

将影响水资源可持续开发利用的主要评价指标组成模糊物元,同时各开发利用阶段作为物元的对象,以各项评价指标及其相应的模糊量值构造复合模糊物元,运用层级分析法(AHP)确定各评价指标的权重,最后计算其欧化距离相似贴近度.通过广东省水资源可持续开发利用评价验证了该分析方法的科学性和有效性.     

煤燃烧过程中金属元素迁移特性

利用ICP-AES光谱仪对原煤、飞灰和底灰中铝、钾、钙、镁、铁、锰、锌、铜、硒、铬、砷等11种元素的含量进行了分析;对上述元素在煤燃烧过程中的迁移挥发特性进行了讨论,结果是钙、锰、铁挥发性较小,主要沉积在底灰中,而锌、铜挥发性较大,其他元素属于中等挥发性。     

强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道结构的动力接触效应

将地基土-地铁隧道结构体系视为平面应变问题,采用记忆型嵌套面粘塑性动力本构模型和动塑性损伤模型,分别模拟土体和隧道结构混凝土的动力特性,用点-线接触单元模型描述强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道之间的相对滑移,利用罚函数法和拉格朗日乘子法求解动力接触效应,建立土-地铁隧道非线性动力相互作用的有限元分析模型,分析了动力接触效应对地基土-地铁隧道之间的法向接触压应力、切向接触剪应力和切向滑移的影响规律。结果表明:罚函数法比拉格朗日乘子法更适用于求解强地震动作用下地基土-地铁隧道之间的动力接触问题;与地基土-地铁隧道变形协调假定的计算结果相比较,动力接触效应使地铁隧道的地震加速度反应有所增大。     

城市污水厂污水污泥的热值测定分析方法研究

建立热力学指标是污水生物处理过程热力学分析的基础工作,目前仍缺乏污水污泥化学能测试的标准方法。采用IKA C5000型自动热量计对某城市二级污水处理厂进水、出水、初沉污泥、剩余污泥、混合污泥和脱水污泥进行了热值测定,样品前处理采用103～105℃烘干获得干燥基,用苯甲酸进行加标回收。参照煤的发热量测定方法得到样品的高位热值。试验结果显示：出水干燥基的热值为05 kJ/g,进水干燥基的热值为4 kJ/g以上,各工艺段的污泥干燥基热值较高,基本都在12 kJ/g以上,接近右江褐煤水平。测定结果的标准偏差≤±0.452%,相对标准偏差≤±0.136%。通过同一批样品的元素分析及Dulong公式理论推算,发现2种方法可得到相似的结果。     

Distribution,Sources, and Possible Adverse Biological Effects of Trace Metals in Surface Sediments of a Tropical Estuary

Metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, and Fe) contamination in sediments from a tropical estuary (Ébrié Lagoon, Ivory Coast) was assessed using pollution indices, multivariate analyses and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). The results demonstrate that increased input of the studied metals occurred over the past 6 years compared to that from 20 years ago, due to rapid population growth, along with the increase of industrial and agricultural activities in the vicinity of the estuary. Ébrié Lagoon was also found to be one of the most contaminated tropical coastal estuaries. Very high average total organic carbon (TOC) content was found (1.9–3.70%) with significant spatial variation as a result of the influence of anthropogenic activities. This study also found that TOC plays an important role in the distribution of Cu, Zn, Co, and Cd in the Ébrié Lagoon sediments. Moderate to high sediment contamination was observed for Cd and Cu, moderate contamination was observed for Zn and Pb, while low contamination was observed for Ni, Co, and Fe. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) investigation revealed that Cu, Zn, Cd, and Co result mainly from anthropogenic sources while Pb, Ni, and Fe may be of natural origin. The pollution-loading index (PLI) indicated that all of the sites close to wastewater discharges were highly polluted. The sediments are likely to be an occasional threat to aquatic organisms due to Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni contents, based on the SQGs approach.