Solubility of ion and trace metals from stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and alkaline mine tailing

Stabilized sewage sludge （SS） by fly ash （FA） and alkaline mine tailing as artificial soil, to be applied on the ecological rehabilitation at mining junkyards, offers a potentially viable utilization of the industrial by-product, as well as solves the shortage of soil resource in the mine area. An incubation experiment with different ratios of SS and FA was conducted to evaluate the solubility of ions and trace elements from stabilized sewage sludge. Results showed that fly ash offset a decrease in pH value of sewage sludge. The pH of （C） treatment （FA：SS = 1：1） was stable and tended to neutrality. The SO4^2- and Cl^- concentrations of the solution in the mixture were significantly decreased in the stabilized sewage sludge by alkaline fly ash and mine tailing, compared to the single SS treatment. Stabilized sewage sludge by FA weakened the nitrification of total nitrogen from SS when the proportion of FA in the mixture was more than 50%. The Cr, Ni, and Cu concentrations in the solution were gradually decreased and achieved a stable level after 22 days, for all treatments over the duration of the incubation. Moreover stabilized sewage sludge by fly ash and/or mine tailing notably decreased the trace metal solubility. The final Cr, Cu, and Ni concentrations in the solution for all mixtures of treatments were lower than 2.5, 15, and 50 μg/L, respectively.     

基于PMF模型的PM2.5中金属元素污染及来源的区域特征分析

金属元素是大气PM_2.5的重要组成成分,对人群危害性极强且兼具源特异性,分析不同经济模式地区大气细颗粒物中金属污染状况及来源差异,可以为科学规划城市产业布局和保护大气环境提供参考.通过霾/非霾期大气PM_2.5采样,使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定成都市及仁寿县样品中18种金属元素质量浓度,分析其污染水平,并基于正定矩阵因子分解模型(PMF)解析两地大气PM_2.5中金属元素的来源.结果表明,成都市扬尘源、移动源和燃煤源特征元素占元素总和的比值大于仁寿县,而仁寿县生物质燃烧源、工业源以及燃油源特征元素占比则较高.两地Cr、Cd和As元素浓度均超标,表明PM_2.5中重金属污染严重.随着霾污染加剧,两地PM_2.5中金属元素总量上升,但增幅远低于PM_2.5浓度增长.此外,不同元素在霾期和非霾期浓度比值存在差异,成都市变化范围为0.7(Al)～2.8(Ba),仁寿县介于0.8(Al)～3.1(Mn)之间,但总的来说两地大致呈现出燃煤和工业活动排放元...     

北京蔬菜地土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征

为揭示北京地区蔬菜土壤中抗生素抗性基因与可移动元件的分布特征应用高通量荧光定量PCR方法(HT-qPCR),选取北京3个区5个蔬菜基地进行调查研究.在蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到92～121种抗生素抗性基因,4～6种可移动元件,抗生素抗性基因及可移动元件按区分开.各蔬菜基地中共有且丰度较高的抗生素抗性基因型为:多重耐药类oprD、acrA-04和acrA-05,大环内酯类-林肯酰胺类-链阳性菌素B类抗生素抗性基因(MLSB)酰胺酶类fox5,万古霉素类vanC-03;共有可移动元件为intI1.蔬菜基地土壤中共检测到7种抗生素,含量较高的抗生素种类为恩诺沙星(ENR)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、土霉素(OTC)、磺胺甲噁唑(SMX).顺义区S1与S2蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素的种类与丰度均最高,依次是通州区T蔬菜基地、昌平区C2与C1蔬菜基地.相关性分析表明,蔬菜基地土壤中抗生素抗性基因丰度与抗生素丰度存在显著正相关(P <0.05).研究结果可为后续控制抗生素抗性基因的传播提供基础理论数据.     

试剂对微量汞分析的影响及其引起的“干扰异常”的排除

用ＸＧ－冷原子吸收型数字测汞仪对水汞等进行纳克级别以下的极微含量分析。测量中加入的一些试剂影响测量数据的准确性和稳定性。对此笔者进行了一些实验研究。本文分析和介绍了测定中添加试剂的影响情况和一些实测数据分析实例；并提出了一般的解决方法，在地震和其他领域微量汞测量中有使用价值。     

TOXIC TRACE ELEMENT POLLUTION IN GROUND WATERS AROUND PATANCHERU AND BOLARAM INDUSTRIAL AREAS, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA: A GRAPHICAL APPROACH

Patancheru and Bolaram are satellite industrial towns nearHyderabad with over 300 large andmedium scale pharmaceutical, heavy engineering, paints, paperand chemical factories. The industriesof the area generate a cumulative 8 × 10⁶ l/day ofeffluents which are being directly dischargedon to surrounding land, irrigation fields, and surface waterbodies which finally enter into theNakkavagu River a tributary of the Manzira River. The presentstudy on abundance and distributionpattern of toxic trace elements indicates the quantitativeaspect of pollution in the Nakkavagu Basin.Migration patterns drawn for TDS, toxic elements such as Cu,As, Se, Zn, B, Cr and iron indicate thatpollutants discharged by the industries are entering thesurface and groundwater system (aquifers) andare also migrating towards the Manzira River furtherdeteriorating the entire hydrological setup of the area.Entry and dispersion of pollutants in the hydrological systemis shown by distribution diagrams. Aconservative estimate indicates that the effect of pollutantson the agricultural lands and water bodiesextends 0.25 to 0.5 km to either side of the Nakkavagu Riverover a length of 25 km. In addition tothis, the movement of pollutants with ground water in thedownstream direction worsened thehydrological system and increased the possibility ofgeo-accumulation of pollutants in biota. Openwells, dug wells and tanks have become useless and redundantas the concentrations of Cu, Se, As,B, Cr and Fe have increased to 5 to 10 times the permissiblelimits. Several villages have beenaffected by the toxic pollutants in the area. The groundwatersystem is polluted over a large area asshown in elemental migration diagrams and is not potable.Tentatively an area of 20 sq km can becategorized as the worst affected by various pollutants.     

Elemental Analysis of Water and Sediments by External Beam Pixe Part 3: Axios (Vardar) River, Greece

The Axios (Vardar) River originates from the south west part of Yugoslavia, transverses Greece, and discharges into the Thermaikos bay in the north Aegean Sea.

The proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) method with external beam was used for the elemental analysis of water and sediment samples, while measurements of water temperature, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity, pH, and the water flow were made in situ. Water samples were also analysed for total phosphates, nitrates, chlorophyll, and BOD. The data collected for a 16-month period indicate that the Axios River is polluted as far as the metal content is concerned; its primary productivity is low and it is slightly enriched during its course into the Greek territory.     

Behaviour of Chemical Elements in Plants and Soils

Neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of the elemental composition of different plants and soils. Variations in concentrations of elements during the day were found. Mean concentrations, standard deviations and relationships between elements in soils and different parts of plants were studied. It was shown that the behaviour of chemical elements in samples from urban and unpolluted areas have significant differences.     

ESTIMATING CENTRAL TENDENCY FROM UNCENSORED TRACE LEVEL MEASUREMENTS1

ABSTRACT: The statistical analysis of data which have trace level measurements has traditionally been a two-step process in which data are first censored using criteria based on measurement precision, and then analyzed with statistical methods for censored data. The process might be more informative if data were left uncensored. In this paper, information loss attributable to censoring and measurement noise are assessed by comparing the sample mean and median of uncensored measurements with a log regression mean and median based on censored data. Measurements are derived from lognormal parent distributions which have random variability characteristic of trace level measurement. The relative performance of estimators used with error-free samples and with samples having measurement noise can be explained by differences between the probability distributions of parents and measurements. Measurement introduces bias and dispersion and transforms lognormal parent distributions toward greater symmetry. Estimates using uncensored data are less biased and more accurate than the log regression mean and median when censoring exceeds about 50 percent, and are not much worse at any fraction censored. For data with many (80 percent) results below the limit of detection, bias may be quite severe.     

TRACE METALS IN SEDIMENT: SPATIAL TRENDS AND SORPTION PROCESSES1

ABSTRACT: Sediment bound trace metals are often examined for spatial trends such as downstream patterns or distance from a source. Spatial trends may indicate either differences in metal inputs, or, when considerable sediment variability exists, differences in sediment sorption processes. These two possibilities become important not only when sediment contamination is evaluated within an area, but also when regulatory agencies attempt to make equivalent among area decisions. Sediments from an urban watershed were examined for: (1) downstream trace metal trends and (2) sediment sorption relationships. Analyses determined that downstream trenda as related to metal inputs could not be recognized by analyzing the < 2mm (≤, sand) sediment size fraction. Conversely, the trace metal concentrations were found to be distinctly related to sediment characteristics. The watershed's metal concentrations are similar to those found in uncontaminated to slightly contaminated sediments in the United States.     

Formulation of cleanup standards for trace elements with probability plots

Probability plots of trace element concentrations may be used to partition, or segregate, sample data into its constituent populations. Two populations are typically present in data from sites requiring remedial action, one representing clean, uncontaminated soil or sediment (background) and the other representing contaminated ground. The use of such plots in the analysis and evaluation of environmental data permits a statistical characterization of the background populations, from which defensible cleanup criteria may be developed. These criteria will be environmentally conservative, yet will minimize the amount of soil removed in a remedial action. An example is given from a successful cleanup of a surface impoundment.