北运河上覆水DOM组分含量特征及对水质的影响

基于三维荧光光谱,紫外-可见光谱技术,对比分析了汛期非汛期北运河通州区域上覆水中溶解性有机物（DOM）的组成、来源及结构特征,建立了上覆水中N和P的含量与DOM组成之间的关系,确定了反映潜在富营养化生态风险的指标.结果表明,北运河通州地区上覆水中DOM含量在9.17~27.78mg/L之间,总体呈现非汛期>汛期,上游>下游,DOM含量时空特征差异显著.汛期DOM分子量与非汛期相比较小,DOM芳香程度汛期低于非汛期;在上游和下游,汛期上覆水DOM A₂₅₃/A₂₀₃大于非汛期.汛期DOM受陆源腐殖质和生物源的共同影响,而非汛期主要受微生物活动的影响.汛期蛋白质类和腐殖质类物质的浓度水平显著低于非汛期,非汛期蛋白质类组分相对占比较多,而汛期腐殖质类组分相对占比较多.在汛期,上覆水DOM中C1、C3、C4组分的最大荧光强度可间接反映北运河富营养化的潜在风险.     

Controlled release,blind tests of DNAPL characterization using partitioning tracers

The partitioning tracer technique for dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) characterization was evaluated in an isolated test cell, in which controlled releases of perchloroethylene (PCE) had occurred. Four partitioning tracer tests were conducted, two using an inverted, double five-spot pumping pattern, and two using vertical circulation wells. Two of the four tests were conducted prior to remedial activities, and two were conducted after. Each test was conducted as a "blind test" where researchers conducting the partitioning tracer tests had no knowledge of the volume, method of release, nor resulting spatial distribution of DNAPL. Multiple partitioning tracers were used in each test, and the DNAPL volume estimates varied significantly within each test based on the different partitioning tracers. The tracers with large partitioning coefficients generally predicted a smaller volume of PCE than that expected based on the actual release volume. However, these predictions were made for low DNAPL saturations (average saturation was approximately 0.003), under conditions near the limits of the method's application. Furthermore, there were several factors that may have hindered prediction accuracy, including tracer degradation and remedial fluid interference.     

ROADWAY-2: A Model for Pollutant Dispersion near Highways

The formulations and evaluation of ROADWAY-2, a near-highway pollutant dispersion model, are described. This model incorporates vehicle wake parameterizations derived from canopy flow theory and wind tunnel measurements. The atmospheric velocity and turbulence fields are adjusted to account for velocity-deficit and turbulence production in vehicle wakes. A turbulent kinetic energy closure model of the atmospheric boundary layer is used to derive the mean velocity, temperature, and turbulence profiles from input meteorological data. ROADWAY-2 has been evaluated using SF₆ tracer data from General Motors Sulfate Dispersion Experiment. The model evaluationresults are presented and discussed.     

基于绿色管理的区域生态旅游四体管理模式研究

我国生态旅游已蓬勃发展起来,但"重开发,轻管理;重眼前,轻长远"的不良现象仍十分严重,由于管理不当致使生态旅游遭到了严重的损害。对生态旅游进行绿色管理是十分必要的,因为生态旅游和绿色管理的目的是一致的。分析了区域生态旅游绿色管理的特征,从区域生态旅游系统出发,利用绿色管理的理论和方法分别对生态旅游主体、客体、中介体和载体的管理进行了阐述。     

中部六省居民生活水平聚类分析

运用主成分分析方法对我国中部6省2005年居民生活水平进行了评价，提取了3个基本的主成分进行综合评分和排序。按照基于绝对值距离的层次方法进行聚类，并按照居民生活水平的高低将中部6省分为两类地区，湖南省、湖北省、江西省为生活水平较高的地区，安徽省、山西省、河南省为生活水平较低的地区。     

示踪法测量坡面水流速度理论缺陷分析

示踪法需对经验系数进行修正才能得到水流速度;而经验系数受多种因素的影响,在不同的条件下如何使用,有较大的随意性。对溶质运移数学模型解析解的分析发现,由溶质浓度在观测点达到最大值的时间计算得到的速度无法推算出实际水流速度,以此为基础的染色示踪法或盐液示踪法存在着理论上的缺陷。溶质的弥散系数对示踪法测量水流速度也有较大的影响,弥散系数越大,质心到达观测点的时间与浓度最大值到达该点的时间偏离越远。在实验测量中,泥沙含量对经验系数影响较大,这可能是其影响弥散系数的结果;理论上水流速度增大使经验系数增大,但在实验测量中不同泥沙含量下水流速度对经验系数的影响并不显著,因此在修正经验系数时必须考虑水流中的泥沙含量和其它水质差异。     

Variability of Flow and Solutes in the Rattaphum Catchment (Songkhla Lake Basin), Thailand

Pesticides can have a number of adverse impacts on crops, soil and water. In this paper, we focus on the physical and hydraulic properties of soils controlling the leaching of pesticides into the shallow groundwater of the Rattaphum Catchment in Thailand. Results from an analysis of soil physical properties, hydraulic conductivity, dye tracer and bromide tests show that the top 10–30 cm of soils in the three agro-ecosystems (vegetables, fruits and rubber) have a high clay and organic carbon content and are relatively impermeable with very low hydraulic conductivity (15–40 cm/day). Most of the dye and bromide were retained in the top clayey layer; the bromide forming a miniature bulge below 30 cm in two profiles which dissipated after 30 days, while the pesticides were mainly confined to the top 10 cm.     

锶在水中的扩散参数研究

扩散参数是影响物质在水中迁移的一个比较重要的参数，本论文通过自己设计的扩散装置，采用^87Sr(NO3)2作为示踪剂研究了锶元素在水环境中的扩散参数，同时还从理论计算上对试验结果进行了验证。     

SEDIMENT DISPERSION IN SALMON SPAWNING STREAMS: THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODS AND SALMON REDD CONSTRUCTION1

ABSTRACT: Magnetically tagged particles were used to investigate the effects of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and floods on the dispersion of coarse bed material in the Stuart‐Takla region, British Columbia, Canada. The dominant annual sediment transporting event in the channels is the snowmelt flood events, with lesser activity usually accomplished during summer floods. Annually in August, the channel bed material is reworked by the Early Stuart sockeye salmon spawning, as the fish excavate the streambed to deposit and bury their eggs. These nesting cavities are called redds. Results from 67 tracer recovery experiments over five years were highly variable, subject to the magnitude of floods and the returning population of salmon. Overall, the depositional pattern from nival flood events usually demonstrated a high degree of clast mobilization, long travel distances (up to 150 m), and mean depths of burial up to 18 cm. Summer flood events showed somewhat lower rates of mobilization, distances of travel, and depths of burial. Although the fish did not move the tracers very far, their effect on the bed was generally quite pervasive ‐ up to 100 percent of the clasts were mobilized, and the depth of burial was considerable (mean burial depths up to 14 cm). The amount of vertical mixing of sediment by salmon was often on the same order of magnitude as flood events. The significant vertical mixing of sediments by the fish has important implications for the mobility of sediment in the stream. Since any armoring layer formed during high flows throughout the year is subject to the bioturbation of salmon, this suggests that the transport threshold in the creeks remains relatively low. Salmon likely play an integral role in the sediment transport dynamics and annual sediment budget of the lower reaches of these creeks.     

原地爆破浸出采铀过程中的渗漏示踪研究

为了准确、及时判断原地爆破浸出采铀堆场底部是否发生渗漏,需寻找合适的示踪剂在喷淋浸出过程中开展示踪。先采用静态试验在候选示踪剂荧光素钠、溴化钾、碘化钾中筛选出不影响铀的浸出且吸附量最小的荧光素钠作为示踪剂;从表面活性剂MES、MAEPK、DMSS、SDS中,筛选出既有利于铀的浸出又可在铀浸出过程中降低矿石对示踪剂荧光素钠吸附的SDS。,再通过动态柱试验进一步研究荧光素钠与表面活性剂SDS的示踪性能。结果表明,荧光素钠不影响铀浸出,添加表面活性剂不仅使铀浸出率提高约9.01%,而且降低了铀矿石对荧光素钠的吸附,尤其大大降低了矿石对荧光素钠的初始吸附,使得初始穿透水中荧光素钠的质量浓度提高了20.8倍,铀矿石对荧光素钠的分配系数在不加表面活性剂与添加表面活性剂的情况下分别为6.66 mL/g与4.22 mL/g,阻滞系数分别为29.46与20.59,分别降低了36.63%、30.11%。因此,以荧光素钠为示踪剂添加表面活性剂SDS的原地爆破浸出采铀堆场渗漏示踪试验可以及时、准确地判断是否渗漏。