Leachate Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Pollution Near Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site

Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Gazipur landfill-site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microbiological parameters (total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC)) were determined in groundwater and leachate samples. The moderately high concentrations of Cl⁻, NO⁻ ₃, SO²⁻ ₄, NH⁺ ₄, Phenol, Fe, Zn and COD in groundwater, likely indicate that groundwater quality is being significantly affected by leachate percolation. Further they proved to be as tracers for groundwater contamination. The effect of depth and distance of the well from the pollution source was also investigated. The presence of TC and FC in groundwater warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply and other uses. Although some remedial measures are suggested to reduce further groundwater contamination via leachate percolation, the present study demand for the proper management of waste in Delhi.     

Long-term trends of fine particulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ), China

Understanding the trends in PM_2.5 levels is essential for formulating clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM_2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone (PRDEZ). The long-term variation in PM_2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM_2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and SO42− show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM_2.5 concentration ranges from 49.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg·m⁻³ in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard (NAAQS) for PM_2.5 (35 μg·m⁻³). Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO42− are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8 μg·m⁻³, respectively. NO3− and NH4+ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m⁻³ and 2.9 μg·m⁻³ in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m⁻³ and 5.3 μg·m⁻³ in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of+ 0.2 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹ and+ 0.1 μg·m⁻³·yr⁻¹. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM_2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO42− are the dominant components of PM_2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM_2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM_2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.     

中国省级CO2排放影响因素的空间计量分析

提出面板数据空间误差分量模型,采用基于广义矩1估计的可行广义最小二乘法估计方法,研究1997-2007年间,我国省级CO2排放的影响因素.实证结果表明,我国省级CO2排放量存在显著的正向空间相关性,CO2排放较多的省份往往会影响邻近地区的CO2排放;CO2排放量与人均GDP呈倒N型环境库兹涅兹曲线.未考虑空间相关性时,CO2排放转折点为人均GDP 51 73O元,我国目前仍处于CO2排放量上升期;采用面板数据空间误差分量模型修正后,CO2排放下降转折点为人均GDP约53 237元,较未考虑空间因素时有所提高,省际间的空间相互影响,对CO2排放下降转折点的人均GDP提出更高的要求;实证研究结果同时显示,煤炭消费比重提高及人口数量增大,都将显著增加我国CO2排放量,体现优化能源结构和控制人口增长对抑制CO2排放增长的重要性.     

刺猬紫檀微波辅助提取挥发油成分研究

以正己烷—乙醇为提取剂在微波条件下提取刺猬紫檀挥发油,用GC-MS分析鉴定出挥发油的17种化学成分。结果表明,刺猬紫檀挥发油的主要成分是茴香偶姻,占72.22%;其次是2,2’-亚甲基双(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)占5.88%,4-甲氧基-3-甲基苯乙酸占4.97%;另有其他少量的酰胺、酸、酮、醇、烃类化合物。     

Diffusive partitioning tracer test for the quantification of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in the vadose zone: Performance evaluation for heterogeneous NAPL distribution

A partitioning tracer test based on gas-phase diffusion in the vadose zone yields estimates of the residual nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL) saturation. The present paper investigates this technique further by studying diffusive tracer breakthrough curves in the vadose zone for a heterogeneous NAPL distribution. Tracer experiments were performed in a lysimeter with a horizontal layer of artificial kerosene embedded in unsaturated sand. Tracer disappearance curves at the injection point and tracer breakthrough curves at some distance from the injection point were measured inside and outside of the NAPL layer. A numerical code was used to generate independent model predictions based on the physicochemical sand, NAPL, and tracer properties. The measured and modeled tracer breakthrough curves were in good agreement confirming the validity of important modeling assumptions such as negligible sorption of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) tracers to the uncontaminated sand and their fast reversible partitioning between the soil air and the NAPL phase. Subsequently, the model was used to investigate different configurations of NAPL contamination. The experimental and model results show that the tracer disappearance curves of a single-well diffusive partitioning tracer test (DPTT) are dominated by the near-field presence of NAPL around the tip of the soil gas probe. In contrast, breakthrough curves of inter-well tracer tests reflect the NAPL saturation in between the probes, although there is no unique interpretation of the tracer signals if the NAPL distribution is heterogeneous. Numerical modeling is useful for the planning of a DPTT application. Simulations suggest that several cubic meters of soil can be investigated with a single inter-well partitioning tracer test of 24-hour duration by placing the injection point in the center of the investigated soil volume and probes at up to 1 m distance for the monitoring of gaseous tracers.     

不同角度丁坝附近可溶性危险化学品扩散示踪试验

利用水槽试验台,完成不同角度丁坝附近可溶性危险化学品泄漏扩散示踪试验,获得在不同角度非淹没丁坝周围示踪剂扩散变化的试验数据.通过对这5组水槽试验数据的分析得到丁坝附近水流流态的变化及其对其周围可溶性危险化学品扩散的影响:不同角度丁坝产生的回流区的结构基本相同,但回流区的大小受丁坝角度的影响较大,其中90°正挑丁坝所产生的回流区范围最大;上挑和下挑丁坝回流区的范围都会随丁坝偏离正挑丁坝位置的偏角越大而变得越小;在示踪剂释放量一定的情况下,回流区范围越大示踪剂在回流区内的平均浓度越低.     

基于因子分析的BP神经网络对成都市需水量的预测

在对四川省成都市的水资源进行综合规划与评价的过程中,通过主成分因子分析可知人口、GDP、给排水管道长度等因素对需水量预测有较大影响,如何建立这些因素与需水量之间的数学关系是预测工作的重点。本文将介绍通过MATLAB数学分析软件建立BP神经网络预测模型,并对模型的预测结果进行评价。     

基于鱼骨图的公共安全风险测度与评价

为科学测度我国各地区公共安全风险,改善公共安全状况。基于鱼骨图分析法,建立包括能力和脆弱性指标的公共安全评价指标体系。采用主成分分析法(PCA),结合统计软件SPSS对我国31个省市的公共安全风险进行测度,找出影响公共安全水平的重要因子,计算出各省市公共安全风险的综合评价值,得到不同省市的风险排序,为改善公共安全风险较高地区的安全状况提供了启示。结果表明:我国各地区公共安全的风险水平差异较大且公共安全资源和保障因子是影响公共安全抗风险水平的最重要因子,加大基础设施投资,特别是社会保障类基础设施建设投资,可较好地改善公共安全抗风险状况。     

锶在水中的扩散参数研究

扩散参数是影响物质在水中迁移的一个比较重要的参数，本论文通过自己设计的扩散装置，采用^87Sr(NO3)2作为示踪剂研究了锶元素在水环境中的扩散参数，同时还从理论计算上对试验结果进行了验证。