灰分示踪法测定秸秆降解菌降解率方法的建立

建立了用灰分示踪法测定秸秆降解菌对秸秆的降解率的方法,由于灰分是固定存在于秸秆中的,通过定量测定灰分,可准确定量分析秸秆降解菌的降解能力,采用此方法测定了2个秸秆降解菌群对秸秆的降解率,其结果与产糖率法测定结果一致,表明该方法可实现定量准确测定微生物对秸秆的降解率。进一步应用该方法测定了实验室筛出的3个菌株对秸秆的降解率,结果表明:72号菌株为降解能力最高的秸秆降解菌。该方法的建立和应用为秸秆降解菌的筛选及秸秆资源的开发利用提供了实验方法与理论依据。     

北京市典型道路扬尘化学组分特征及年际变化

选择北京市具有代表性道路,于2004年9月和2013年5月进行采样,利用再悬浮设备制备道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5样品,并进行化学组分分析,建立了2004年和2013年北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱,以分析和探讨北京市道路扬尘化学组分特征及其组分年际变化.结果表明,北京市道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5源成分谱中的化学组分特征均为Ca、Si、有机碳（organic carbon,OC）、Al、Fe、K、Mg、SO₄^2-和元素碳（element carbon,EC）,其在道路扬尘中的含量之和分别为：2004年PM₁₀为46.7303%、PM_2.5为56.9198%和2013年PM_2.5为38.7478%;占全部被测组分的比例分别为95.9%、94.3%和94.7%.2004年道路扬尘中,环路Si、Al的含量显著低于其他道路类型,受到的土壤风沙尘影响最小;建筑水泥尘特征元素Ca主干道含量最高,高速五环进京口含量最低;EC在高速五环进京口的含量显著高于其他道路类型.而2013年PM_2.5中被测组分总含量及Si、Al、Ca的含量次干道均显著低于其他道路类型.2013年与2004年相比,北京市道路扬尘PM_2.5中除SO₄^2-含量略上升了2.0%外,其余组分含量下降显著,Ca、Si、OC、Al、Fe、K、EC和NO₃^-下降幅度分别为45.1%、31.5%、17.5%、20.3%、55.6%、33.3%、30.0%和50.3%.结果表明,［NO₃^-］/［SO₄^2-］比值不能准确反映固定源和移动源相对贡献大小的变化.［OC］/［EC］比值,2004年PM₁₀为9.77±3.88,PM_2.5为9.36±3.25,2013年PM_2.5为14.41±10.41,北京市道路扬尘存在二次有机碳（secondary organic carbon,SOC）,且SOC是道路扬尘PM₁₀与PM_2.5的重要组成部分.不同城市道路扬尘及同一城市不同粒径的道路扬尘成分谱相似度不高,应建立相应的成分谱并适时更新.     

粤东北地区秋季PM_(2.5)组分模拟与来源分析

珠三角是广东省传统的空气污染区,但随着全省实施空气质量新标准,发现粤东北地区空气污染也比较严重。通过对梅州PM_(2.5)浓度及组分的模拟与分析,发现秋季粤东北部PM_(2.5)中硫酸盐占比达17%,而铵盐与硝酸盐分别占7%和4%。元素碳(EC)占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的4%,一次有机气溶胶(POA)占13%,二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占比仅为2%,而其他物种则占了53%。梅州的二次污染并不严重,各组分占PM_(2.5)质量分数日际波动不明显。秋季粤东北PM_(2.5)主要由本地排放贡献,大部分时候本地排放贡献大于80%,广东省其他城市的贡献接近0,而外省的贡献一般低于20%,个别时候可接近30%,要减轻粤东北部的污染应主要以控制本地一次细颗粒物的排放为主。     

添加石灰对污泥恶臭挥发的影响

探索了污泥添加石灰后在常温及热干燥下恶臭的挥发特性。结果表明:污泥的VOCs中含有25种化合物,SVOC含有14种化合物,绝大部分是恶臭化合物。在污泥中添加10%的生石灰高效混合后,污泥中还原性硫化物的浓度持续升高,NH3释放速率也急剧上升,但CO2和ATP急剧下降,300℃下干燥,原泥共挥发出32种恶臭物质,添加石灰后共挥发出36种恶臭物质,25种恶臭物质浓度均有增加,添加石灰对污泥的致臭集团没有改变。导致恶臭增加的主要原因是产生的碱性环境促进了污泥氮的氨化过程,也促进了污泥中不稳定的含硫化合物挥发。     

Plant polyphenols – implications of different sampling,storage and sample processing in biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiments

Plant polyphenols are involved in important ecosystem processes and may affect nutrient cycling. Previous investigations have demonstrated detrimental effects of suboptimal sample treatment on the quantity of extractable plant polyphenols. We compared leaf polyphenol concentrations of 20 tree species from East China in two sample sets collected under different conditions: (a) according to established protocols and stored more than three years, (b) under conditions optimised for leaf polyphenols. We investigated the variance brought about by suboptimal sample handling as compared to the variance caused by the taxonomic range of species. Family-affiliation explained the largest proportion of variance, whereas sample handling had only minor effects. Reducing the taxonomic range increased the impact of differences in sample handling. Additionally, we showed that the concentrations of leaf polyphenols were phylogenetically more conserved than other leaf traits. Non-metric-multi-dimensional scaling revealed similar ordination patterns for leaf polyphenol concentrations in both sample sets with both ordinations being closely correlated. Finally, we computed separate ordinations including an extended set of leaf traits and found that both analyses led to similar ecological conclusions. Consequently, in studies comprising a wide taxonomic range, the adverse effects of suboptimal sample handling may be overridden by the variation brought about by phylogeny.     

Assessment of wetland ecosystem health in Lower Songkhram,Thailand

A study was conducted to assess the ecosystem health of Lower Songkhram wetland in Thailand, using a newly developed wetland ecosystem health index (WEHI) based on analysis of field survey and secondary data of the most dominant physical, environmental and socio-economic factors extracted by principal components analysis (PCA). The most influential physical, environmental and socio-economic factors identified were rainfall and awareness and participation of the local community, which had positive effects, whereas soil electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and urban development had negative effects. Based on the results, 9 of the 40 land units of the study area were in very good or good health, 11 in reasonable health, while 20 were found to be in poor or even very poor condition. These findings will be useful for decision-makers in planning and executing an effective and holistic strategy to prevent further wetland degradation.     

Distribution of Alkalinity,Ph, Salinity and Carbon Dioxide Components in the Coastal Waters of Alexandria

The ara studied is located between El-Dikheila Harbour in Elmex Bay and Mandara, at longitude 29° 47′ and 30° East and latitude 31° 17′ North. the aim of the work is to look at carbon dioxide components in this areA and the effect of waste water discharged on their concentrations. Surface and bottom water samples were collected from 12 stations during January, April, August and November, 1995. Total alkalinity, salinity, temperature and pH were measured. Carbonate alkalinity, total alkalinity, partial pressure and dissolved carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions were calculated, since the studied area includes two differetn sources of pollution. It wAs found conventient to refer El-Mex Bay as region “A” which contains stations from I to VI and the area located between Kayet Bey outfall and Mandara which contains stations from VII to XII as region “B”. When specific alkalinity is used As A tracer for El-Umum drain water it is observed that the drain water could reach Sidi Bishr area especially in August and November, while in January and April drain water did not reach this area.     

Inferring Hydrograph Components from Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model1

Cheng, Shin-jen, 2010. Inferring Hydrograph Components From Rainfall and Streamflow Records Using a Kriging Method-Based Linear Cascade Reservoir Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(6):1171–1191. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00484.x Abstract: This study investigates the characteristics of hydrograph components in a Taiwan watershed to determine their shapes based on observations. Hydrographs were modeled by a conceptual model of three linear cascade reservoirs. Mean rainfall was calculated using the block Kriging method. The optimal parameters for 42 events from 1966-2008 were calibrated using an optimal algorithm. Rationality of generated runoffs was well compared with a trusty model. Model efficacy was verified using seven averaged parameters with 25 other events. Hydrograph components were characterized based on 42 calibration results. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) except for multipeak storms, a correlation between base time of the surface runoff and soil antecedent moisture is a decreasing power relationship; (2) a correlation between time lag of the surface flow and soil antecedent moisture for single-peak storms is an increasing power relationship; (3) for single-peak events, times to peak of hydrograph components are an increasing power correlation corresponding to the peak time of rainfall; (4) the peak flows of hydrograph components are linearly proportional to that of total runoff, and the peak ratio for the surface runoff to total runoff is approximately 78 and 13% for subsurface runoff to total runoff; and (5) the relationships of total discharges have direct ratios between hydrograph components and observations of total runoffs, and a surface runoff is 60 and 32% for a subsurface runoff.     

Financing electronic waste recycling Californian households' willingness to pay advanced recycling fees

The growth of electronic waste (e-waste) is of increasing concern because of its toxic content and low recycling rates. The e-waste recycling infrastructure needs to be developed, yet little is known about people's willingness to fund its expansion. This paper examines this issue based on a 2004 mail survey of California households. Using an ordered logit model, we find that age, income, beliefs about government and business roles, proximity to existing recycling facilities, community density, education, and environmental attitudes are significant factors for explaining people's willingness to pay an advanced recycling fee (ARF) for electronics. Most respondents are willing to support a 1% ARF. Our results suggest that policymakers should target middle-aged and older adults, improve programs in communities with existing recycling centers or in rural communities, and consider public-private partnerships for e-waste recycling programs.     

蒙城台磁变仪跳动及其原因的初探

2001-03-09蒙城地震台地磁磁变仪CB-3(观测仪，备份仪)同时出现三个分量动线的跳动，分析表明蒙城地震台地磁总强度F、 垂直强度Z发生变化。 其原因可能是强电流作用下，地下介质电性变化所致。