山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因分析

以阳泉市2018年12月26日~2019年1月20日发生的典型大气重污染过程为例,研究了山地型城市冬季大气重污染过程特征及成因.结果表明,重污染发生时段首要污染物为PM_2.5,水溶性离子和碳质组分是PM_2.5主要组分,其中二次离子SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺是主要水溶性离子成分（共占离子组分的87.7%）,二次有机碳（SOC）是碳质组分的主要成分（71.6%）.二次离子在重污染发生时的浓度较发生前增加5.3倍,是导致PM_2.5快速增长的重要组分.气象条件分析显示,PM_2.5及其主要组分皆与相对湿度呈显著正相关关系而与风速呈显著负相关,随相对湿度增加以及平均风速降低,污染程度逐渐加重.山地型城市相对湿度较高、温度变化幅度大等气象特征使二次污染物的生成加快,是导致PM_2.5污染程度快速加重的主要原因.另外,山地型城市相对封闭的地形导致的平均风速降低使得大气污染物扩散条件相对较差是污染物累积的原因之一.PMF模型解析结果为：二次源（46.0%）对PM_2.5贡献显著,其次为燃煤源（32.6%）、机动车源（19.8%）和扬尘源（1.6%）.因此,山地型城市更应该重视对二次组分,特别是二次离子形成的前体物的管控.     

冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地水流规律研究

在示踪剂试验的基础上,利用水力停留时间分布（RTD）,探讨了冲击负荷下水平潜流人工湿地的水流规律.结果表明：水平潜流人工湿地在恒定负荷和冲击负荷条件下的实际平均停留时间均大于表观停留时间,混合效应是导致流态偏离理想推流态的主要原因;水力冲击使入流污染物（包括冲击前、冲击中以及冲击后进入的污染物）在系统内部的接触反应时间缩短,其中峰值时间、最短停留时间和实际平均停留时间的相对大小依次均为：恒定负荷＞冲击负荷后＞冲击负荷前＞冲击负荷中;采用基于动态流量的时间变量进行归一化处理后的RTD对人工湿地所处的水力负     

Effect of activated sludge treatment on the formation of Nnitrosamines under different chloramination conditions

Municipal wastewater discharge is considered as one of the main sources of N-nitrosamine precursors which can impact the qualities of downstream source waters and reclaimed wastewaters for potable reuse. NNitrosamine precursors can be removed to various degrees during biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the activated sludge (AS) process). So far, little is known about the impact of the AS process on N-nitrosamine formation under practical disinfection condition (e.g., uniform formation condition (UFC)). In this study, N-nitrosamine UFC from selected model compounds, sewage components (i.e., blackwaters and greywaters) and sewage samples were comprehensively investigated during batch AS treatment tests. NNitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation from the tested precursor compounds (i.e., trimethylamine (TMA) and sumatriptan (SMTR)) under UFC chloramination decreased mostly after 6 or 24 hr treatment with different types of AS (i.e., domestic rural AS, domestic urban AS, and textile AS), and the reductions in NDMA UFC were comparable to their NDMA formation potential (FP) reductions. In urine and feces blackwaters, NDMA UFC increased after 6 or 24 hr treatment with the domestic (i.e., rural and urban) AS, while NDMA FP decreased substantially. The increases in NDMA UFC after AS treatment was presumably attributed to the removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) which favored NDMA formation under UFC. On the other hand, in laundry greywaters having relatively abundant DOC, N-nitrosamine UFC was less affected by DOC removal before or after AS treatment, but decreased to similar degrees with N-nitrosamine FP. In sewage samples collected from wastewater treatment plants, N-nitrosamines UFC tended to increase or remain constant during AS treatment, despite the decreases in their FPs. These results suggest that biological wastewater treatment (e.g., the AS process) may not effectively reduce N-nitrosamine formation (e.g., measured under UFC) partially because the concurrent removal of bulk organic matters (e.g., DOC) favored N-nitrosamine formation in s econdary effluents.     

输送、滞留叠加海上回流的长时间沙尘天气影响判断及贡献分析

于2019年10月15日～11月7日对上海大气中颗粒物的质量浓度和PM2.5的化学组分进行了在线连续观测,期间,华东地区遭遇了一次大范围的沙尘过程.根据相关规定,结合沙尘示踪组分和WRF-CMAQ 数值模拟,将观测过程分为4 个阶段:沙尘前、沙尘I(输送和滞留过程)、沙尘Ⅱ(海上回流和清除过程)和沙尘后.基于相关规定、...