陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)主要化学组分特征

通过对陕南农村冬季PM_(2.5)采样分析,获得PM_(2.5)质量浓度及主要化学组分特征。PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为89.5±42.0μg·m~(-3),超过国家二级标准。观测期间PM_(2.5)中OC、EC浓度平均值分别为16.0±6.9μg·m~(-3)和5.7±3.2μg·m~(-3),OC/EC平均比值为3.0±0.4。主要水溶性离子组分为NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+。粒子数浓度与表面积浓度峰值主要集中在0.5μm以下粒径段。PAHs、BeP和BaP平均质量浓度分别为48.9±10.9 ng·m~(-3)、3.0±0.9 ng·m~(-3)和1.2±0.7 ng·m~(-3),PAHs污染较严重,强致癌物BaP浓度超过国家环境空气质量标准年平均浓度限值。当地农村以石煤为主的能源结构及采用的燃烧方式是导致污染的重要因素。     

寿山石的成矿地质条件和矿物组成

长期研究表明,寿山石的成矿地质条件主要受地层、构造、火山机构和火山成矿等综合作用控制。寿山石的矿物成分主要为地开石、高岭石和叶蜡石。因寿山石的成矿地质条件、矿物组成和产出部位的不同,形成色彩绚丽、命名异样、品种繁多、分类殊异。但通常以其成因、产状和历史传统分为田坑石、山坑石和水坑石三类。为便于识别、研究和讨论,将寿山石的主要品种及其特征一并简介。     

降低湿法脱硫系统GGH差压的方法与实践

针对台州发电厂脱硫系统在投运初期出现GGH差压高现象,首先简要介绍了湿法脱硫系统的GGH工作原理,结合脱硫系统的运行经验和相关试验进行原因分析和探索归纳得出降低GGH差压的几种方法和对策,并论证了对策实施后的效果,使脱硫系统运行达到最佳的经济性和稳定性。这些控制方法和参数对脱硫系统的正常运行,保证SO2浓度的达标排放将起到积极的作用,可为火电厂湿法脱硫系统高效运行提供理论基础和实践依据。     

主成分分析法和模糊综合分析法在水质评价中的实例比较

在涉及众多因子的水质综合评价中,每种评价方法有其自身的优缺点。将模糊综合分析法与主成分分析法在实例中进行比较,通过比较得出主成分分析法能够客观地确定各个指标的权重,避免了随意性,也避免了计算过程中由于因子众多,数据复杂而造成的人工计算误差,使结果更加可靠。主成分分析将原来的众多的子转化为少数主成分,少数主成分综合的反映水质情况,且各主成分内不同因子之间的相关性关系也十分明确。     

Evaluation of trajectories calculated from ecmwf data against constant volume balloon flights during etex

This paper validates trajectories calculated from ECMWF analyses against the tracks of constant volume balloons (CVBs) released during the European tracer experiment (ETEX). The altitudes of the calculated trajectories were adjusted to the altitudes of the respective balloons in short intervals to allow direct comparisons. The agreement between the calculated trajectories and the balloon tracks was very good for the first experiment (individual errors from 1 to 26%, average 15%), and excellent (errors from 2 to 11%, average 6%) for the second one. The agreement for the second experiment was probably partly better because the CVBs travelled above the planetary boundary layer, but the small errors also indicate that the ECMWF fields of the horizontal wind were of exceptionally good quality in the second experiment. This is in sharp contrast to the results of the dispersion models which all failed in the prediction of the perfluorocarbon tracer dispersion for the second experiment. A likely explanation for this is that vertical motions, possibly on small scales, were not correctly captured by the ECMWF analyses, but it is not possible to clarify this with the CVB data.     

Environmental Isotopes for Resolution of Hydrology Problems

The use of environmental isotopes as tracers in the hydrosphere is increasing as analytical instrumentation improves and more applications are discovered. There exists still misconceptions on the role of isotopes in resolving hydrology problems. Naturally occurring isotopes in the environment describe hydrological processes, estimate ages, fingerprint sources and pathways, yet are not subject to the regulatory restraints of artificial isotope injections nor the limited extent of many chemical tracers, particularly dyes and particulates. A short review is presented for practicing hydrologists on the basis for employing stable and radioactive isotopes and a synopsis of recent isotope hydrology applications is provided. Special focus is presented on the emergent role of water isopopes (¹⁸O, ²H, ³H) in wet-weather flow research in urban watersheds. A brief technical approach for an experimental site in the Mill Creek Watershed, Ohio is outlined.     

Main particulate matter components in Saxony (Germany)

Aerosol filter samples have been collected nearby the industrialised basin of Leipzig in Saxony (Germany) at the research station Melpitz of the Institut für Troposphärenforschung e.V. (IfT). Time series (1992–1998) and a three year comparison (1995–1997) of two different aerosol filter sampling systems, the Sierra-Andersen-PM 10 high volume sampler (daily sample, PM 10 inlet) and the Rupprecht and Patashnik Co. Inc. Model Partisol 2000 (weekly sample, PM 10 and PM 2.5 inlet) are presented and discussed. The comparison of the different sampling systems and strategies yields small differences between the daily and weekly samples for mass and different ions, which may be influenced by sampling duration and flow rates. A general trend of change in aerosol composition was observed: Soot and Sulphate concentrations decreased whereas Nitrate and Ammonium concentrations increased. During summers the mass of coarse particles is higher than in other seasons. One reason could be found in the occurence of longer periods of dry ground surfaces enabling reemission of crustal and biological material. The time series have been integrated in a longer historical aerosol mass trend for Saxony and do show a good agreement. Since 1990 a significant downward trend in gravimetric mass concentration was found.     

基于激光雷达和超级站监测的一次沙尘过程分析

利用南京市气溶胶激光雷达网和草场门超级站监测数据,对2022年3月2—3日南京地区一次沙尘污染过程的垂直特征和地面PM_2.5组分变化进行了分析。结果表明,草场门、八卦洲和土桥3处点位的气溶胶激光雷达均观测到消光系数和退偏振比在凌晨至清晨时段有垂直分层现象,说明高空输入的沙尘气团位于城市污染气团上空,而此时地面PM_2.5组分以二次无机盐(硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐)为主。中午前后,各高度的退偏振比及消光系数发生突变,主要是由高空输入沙尘和城市污染气团的垂直混合引起的。随着日间大气垂直交换的加大,PM_2.5中地壳物质的浓度均值和占比显著上升,其中浓度从3 μg/m³升高至5 μg/m³,占比从3%上升至10%。     

天津市PM2.5碳组分空间差异性及来源解析

2021年在天津市不同功能区共设置4个点位同步采集细颗粒物（PM_2.5）样品,测定了其中8种碳质亚组分的含量.结果表明,采样期间各点位ρ[有机碳（OC）]为3.7~4.4 μg·m^-3,ρ[元素碳（EC）]为1.6~1.7 μg·m^-3,OC浓度在中心城区最高,EC浓度差别较小.采用最小比值法对二次有机碳（SOC）进行估算,结果表明环城区二次污染较为突出,SOC占OC的比例达48.8%.各功能区碳质亚组分间的相关性强弱呈现出外围区>中心城区>环城区的特征,均表现出EC₁与OC₂和EC₁与OC₄相关性最强.正定矩阵因子（PMF）来源解析结果显示,道路扬尘源（9.7%~23.5%）、燃煤源（10.2%~13.3%）、柴油车尾气（12.6%~20.2%）和汽油车尾气（18.9%~38.8%）是天津市PM_2.5中碳组分的主要来源.不同功能区碳组分污染源存在差异,中心城区和外围区主要受汽油车尾气影响;环城区受二次污染和柴油车尾气的影响更为突出.     

天津市冬季颗粒物化学组成及其消光特征

于2013年冬季在天津大气边界层观测站利用Andersen撞击式采样器采集了26 d的颗粒物样品,并进行化学组分分析,同步观测颗粒物吸收系数、数浓度、能见度及其他气象要素. 对比分析了污染日和清洁日颗粒物质量浓度及其化学组成的粒径分布特征,在此基础上,利用Mie模型计算外混、内混、“核-壳” 3种混合态假设下颗粒物的消光系数、散射系数和吸收系数. 与实测吸收系数的比较可知,颗粒物的混合态可能更加接近“核-壳”态. “核-壳”态假设下颗粒物平均消光系数模拟值为(517.44±308.42)Mm-1,其中污染日平均值为(668.39±307.30)Mm-1,清洁日为(275.91±37.90)Mm-1,相对湿度对颗粒物的消光系数有显著影响. 污染日颗粒物中OM(有机质)、(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、EC和其他物质对消光系数的贡献率分别为30.4%、25.5%、17.7%、8.1%和18.3%,清洁日分别为49.8%、11.0%、7.2%、10.6%和21.4%. PM_0.4~1.1、PM>1.1~2.1、PM>2.1~10的消光系数贡献率分别为69.6%±6.7%、13.9%±3.3%和16.5%±6.4%. 污染日高浓度的细粒子是导致能见度下降的主要原因,其中亚微米颗粒物对消光占据主导地位,(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、OM是主要的消光化学组分.