灰化苔草叶片铜污染的高光谱响应研究

为了鄱阳湖湿地的生态安全,通过土壤盆栽实验,研究了不同Cu浓度(0、50、100、150、200和300 mg/kg)下灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)在整个生长发育期内叶片光谱参数和叶绿素的变化过程。结果表明,灰化苔草对Cu的耐性上限浓度不超过300 mg/kg;随着添加Cu浓度的升高,叶片Cu含量和土壤有效态Cu含量均逐渐升高,叶片SPAD值渐次降低;叶片Cu含量与红谷深度、红边峰值、红边斜率、R750~1250 nm等光谱特征值之间均呈现显著的负相关关系;灰化苔草最佳监测生育期为生长期。由此,为鄱阳湖湿地生态健康变化进行快速诊断提供了科学依据。     

Leaching assessment of concrete made of recycled coarse aggregate: Physical and environmental characterisation of aggregates and hardened concrete

Each year, millions of tonnes of waste are generated worldwide, partially through the construction and demolition of buildings. Recycling the resulting waste could reduce the amount of materials that need to be manufactured. Accordingly, the present work has analysed the potential reuse of construction waste in concrete manufacturing by replacing the natural aggregate with recycled concrete coarse aggregate.However, incorporating alternative materials in concrete manufacturing may increase the pollutant potential of the product, presenting an environmental risk via ground water contamination.The present work has tested two types of concrete batches that were manufactured with different replacement percentages. The experimental procedure analyses not only the effect of the portion of recycled aggregate on the physical properties of concrete but also on the leaching behaviour as indicative of the contamination degree. Thus, parameters such as slump, density, porosity and absorption of hardened concrete, were studied. Leaching behaviour was evaluated based on the availability test performed to three aggregates (raw materials of the concrete batches) and on the diffusion test performed to all concrete.From an environmental point of view, the question of whether the cumulative amount of heavy metals that are released by diffusion reaches the availability threshold was answered. The analysis of concentration levels allowed the establishment of different groups of metals according to the observed behaviour, the analysis of the role of pH and the identification of the main release mechanisms. Finally, through a statistical analysis, physical parameters and diffusion data were interrelated. It allowed estimating the relevance of porosity, density and absorption of hardened concrete on diffusion release of the metals in study.     

基于遥感影像的木兰溪水质参数反演

水质监测对水环境评价及污染预防至关重要,但地面监测成本高、监测面积有限等,难以满足实时、大范围监测的要求。为了更好地解决该问题,基于遥感影像的空中监测技术越来越得到研究人员的青睐。以木兰溪为研究区,利用和地面监测数据同步的Landsat-8卫星遥感影像数据,对木兰溪的典型水质参数总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的反演问题进行研究。首先,根据Landsat-8的水体敏感波段,分别选取总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数的反演特征波段组合为(b1-b2)/(b2+b3),(b1-b2)/(b3-b4),b2/(b1+b4),b1/b2;其次,利用反演特征波段组合分别构建总磷、总氮、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数浓度的SVR(Support Vector Regression)反演模型,通过IPSO算法对SVR模型的参数进行优选;然后,将IPSO-SVR反演模型和统计回归反演模型、广义回归神经网络(GRNN)反演模型在验证集上进行评估,以平均绝对误差和均方根误差作为评价指标进行对比分析,结果表明IPSO-SVR反演模型的平均绝对误差和均方根误差最小,说明IPSO-SVR反演模型具有较高的精度和较好的实用性...     

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (Pcbs) Pollution in Sea of Japan

Deep waters of the Sea of Japan and surface waters of the Pacific Coast of Honshu and the northeast Sea of Japan were analysed for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pollution. the ΣPCB concentrations in solution in the Sea of Japan (50-3000 m) were between 140 and 1230 fg dm_-3. the space-integrated surface water concentration near the Pacific coast of northern Honshu was 140 fg dm_-3and for the surface water of the Sea of Japan was 230 fg dm_-3. Based on these analyses four water masses were deduced in the Sea of Japan during the summer months. It is shown for the first time in the Sea of Japan that polychlorinated biphenyls are excellent chemical indicators of not only the anthropogenic pollution, but also water masses.     

喷雾热解技术及其在环境污染控制领域的应用

喷雾热解作为一种一步完成、连续、拓展性强、可大规模制备环境功能纳米材料的新型热解技术受到研究者的广泛关注。详细介绍了喷雾热解技术的工作原理、产物特性、环境应用以及工业化推广面临的挑战,并可视化分析了喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的研究热点。结果表明：喷雾热解是通过高温下分解前驱体溶液制备纳米颗粒的技术,其设备主要由雾化器、加热设备和收集装置组成。喷雾热解的产物特性受到前驱体溶液和热解过程参数的影响,通过调控前驱体的溶液组分和热解过程参数,可以得到尺寸和形貌可控的特定环境功能纳米材料。喷雾热解技术制备的环境功能纳米材料（如粉末或薄膜）的应用研究表明,由于其特殊的物化结构,可实现大气和水体中污染物的高效去除。同时,基于研究热点分析了喷雾热解技术的热解方式、产物特性、应用领域和去除污染物的主要机理。但目前喷雾热解技术从实验室规模拓展到工业化应用还面临着诸多挑战,如何克服这些挑战也是喷雾热解技术走向工业化应用的重要内容。研究可为喷雾热解技术在环境污染控制领域的应用提供理论和技术支撑。

     

基于Aspen Plus的MSW气化熔融工艺全流程模拟研究

城市固体废物（MSW）气化熔融工艺能够减少二噁英的生成和熔融固化重金属,是一种清洁高效的固体废物处理方式。已有研究多针对MSW的热解特性以及污染物的生成与排放,而对气化熔融工艺系统模块之间的影响和各反应器间物质流、能量流的联动变化过程研究不足。利用Aspen Plus模拟平台,基于吉布斯自由能最小化原理,对MSW气化熔融工艺进行了全流程模拟研究,分析了垃圾干燥温度、垃圾含水率、气化温度、气化介质以及灰熔点对工艺流程节点参数、物质流和能量流的影响,并提出了优化的工艺流程和运行参数。结果表明：在垃圾热解模拟时,垃圾含水率为9%,通过烟气循环能达到能量自给;在相同条件下,以水蒸气作为气化介质的气化效率最高,且在气化温度为850 ℃,水蒸气当量比为50%时,达到最佳工艺效果;当气化后产生的焦炭在熔融炉内燃烧刚满足灰熔点温度时,灰熔点的升高使气化剂比例、气化气有效气体摩尔流量和碳转化率不断降低。不同工况下的物质流、能量流的变化对实际工程具有指导意义。

     

微波催化燃烧技术处理印刷包装行业VOCs

微波催化燃烧技术将微波辐照与吸波型催化剂相结合,可用于对挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行催化燃烧处置。研制了Pt/CuMnCeO_x/堇青石和Pt/CuMnCeO_x/纳米陶瓷整体式蜂窝状催化剂,并开发了微波催化燃烧VOCs的装置,将其应用于印刷包装行业的VOCs治理。通过操作条件的优化,考察了微波催化燃烧技术对VOCs的实际处理效果。同时,对催化剂表面形貌、比表面积和晶体结构等进行了测试分析。结果表明：Mn₃O₄/Mn₂O₃、CeO₂/Ce₂O₃、CuMn₂O₄和PtO等尖晶石的存在降低了反应温度、提高了储氧释氧能力和催化剂活性;催化剂的介孔结构和较大的比表面积有利于VOCs在孔隙内部的扩散,并可延长VOCs在催化剂上的停留时间。在催化剂床层体积330 L、微波功率13.6 kW、进气质量浓度1 520 mg·m^-3和进气量440 m³·h⁻¹的条件下,床层温度可达到420 ℃,此时催化剂床层温度及VOCs去除率保持稳定。当进气质量浓度分别为约4 500 mg·m⁻³和2 800 mg·m⁻³时,VOCs的去除率分别为90%和96%。考察燃烧热量发现,大气量的VOCs在催化剂表面的停留时间短且带走热量多,从而导致VOCs去除率下降;高浓度VOCs在燃烧时会因释放出更多热量,从而提高床层温度和VOCs去除率。在确保催化剂表面活性位点充足的条件下,微波催化燃烧工艺适合处理中高浓度的印刷包装行业VOCs。同时,利用VOCs燃烧释放的热量来保持床层高温,还可达到节能降耗的目的。本研究可为印刷包装行业的VOCs治理提供参考。     

基于不同水厂水质调查的消毒副产物生成趋势及模型预测

以南方某市具有代表性的7个自来水厂为研究对象,对不同季节和不同处理工艺下的原水、出厂水和管网水的9个常规水质参数和2类含碳消毒副产物进行了检测,考察了水质指标随季节的变化规律和处理工艺对不同水质指标的影响,分析了常规水质参数与消毒副产物生成量之间的关系。结果表明：7个自来水厂出厂水均检出三卤甲烷(trihalomethanes,THMs)和卤乙酸(haloacetic acids,HAAs);THMs平均质量浓度为8.70~29.35 μg·L⁻¹,HAAs平均质量浓度为13.22~39.06 μg·L⁻¹;管网水中2类消毒副产物浓度水平较出厂水略有增加;THMs的季节变化规律为冬季>春季≈秋季>夏季,HAAs的季节变化性不强。利用IBM SPSS Statistics 20进行了Spearman秩相关系数分析,并分别以原水和出厂水水质参数来建立出厂水THMs或HAAs生成量的回归方程。结果表明：THMs质量浓度预测效果良好,可用于自来水厂水质的化学安全性预警;但对于HAAs质量浓度预测,无论采用原水还是出厂水水质参数所建立的预测方程,预测结果均不理想。     

Old endemics and new invaders: alternative strategies of passerines for living in the Australian environment

Life history parameters of ”old endemics” and ”new invaders” among the Australian passerines were compared, controlling for phylogeny by using current, phylogenetic research methods. Old endemics were found to have significantly smaller clutches and demonstrated significantly more cooperative breeding than the new invaders, whose fledging periods are significantly longer than those of the old endemics. We argue that breeding under conditions of a small annual food increment during the breeding season, as is probably the situtation in Australia, is possible only when clutch size is small, or while breeding cooperatively, or by extending the fledging period. Our data show that the old endemics use the first two options, while the new invaders employ the third. Received: 10 February 1999 / Received in revised form: 10 November 1999 / Accepted: 20 November 1999     

前混合式磨料射流及其切割特性

本文讨论了前混合式磨料射流发生装置的工作特性，给出了一种新型供料系统，能实现磨料可靠均匀地供给，并可以方便、准确地调节磨料浓度。在此基础上研究了压力，喷嘴直径、靶距等多种参数对前混合式磨料射流切割特性的影响，给出了这些参数的选取范围及评价方法。试验中使用的切割材料有石灰岩、钢材、铝材以及五种强度的混凝土试块。