Public Investment and Environrnental Sustainability of Agricultural Production in China

The excessive application of fertilizer and pesticides in grain production in China has posed a threat to the environrnental sustainability of agricultural production. One of the major reasons of the increasing usage of chemical inputs by farmers is their trying to reach higher yields, especially in absence of adequate public inputs, such as development and extension of appropriate technology and necessary production infrastructure, etc. Based on the cropspecific data of the past 20 years, this paper examines how the public investments in agricultural researches could impact on the reduction of farmers' private material inputs of major grain crops in China. It manifests that the increased investments in public sector, especially in agricultural researches, is a favorable and effective way to reduce farmers' private material inputs and should be given a priority consideration in the policy emendation to increase yields and improve production sustainability.     

RISK ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY FOR KARST AQUIFERS: (1) ESTIMATING KARST CONDUIT-FLOW PARAMETERS

Quantitative ground-water tracing of conduit-dominated karst aquifers allows for reliable and practical interpretation of karst ground-water flow. Insights into the hydraulic geometry of the karst aquifer may be acquired that otherwise could not be obtained by such conventional methods as potentiometric-surface mapping and aquifer testing. Contamination of karst aquifers requires that a comprehensive tracer budget be performed so that karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters be obtained. Acquisition of these parameters is necessary for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport. A FORTRAN computer program for estimating total tracer recovery from tracer-breakthrough curves is proposed as a standard method. Estimated hydraulic-flow parameters include mean residence time, mean flow velocity, longitudinal dispersivity, Peclet number, Reynolds number, and Froude number. Estimated geometric parameters include karst conduit sinuous distance, conduit volume, cross-sectional area, diameter, and hydraulic depth. These parameters may be used to (1) develop structural models of the aquifer, (2) improve aquifer resource management, (3) improve ground-water monitoring systems design, (4) improve aquifer remediation, and (5) assess contaminant fate-and-transport. A companion paper demonstrates the use of these hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters in a surface-water model for estimating contaminant fate-and-transport in a karst conduit. Two ground-water tracing studies demonstrate the utility of this program for reliable estimation of necessary karst conduit hydraulic-flow and geometric parameters.     

土地利用回归模型在大气污染时空分异研究中的应用

随着城市化、工业化、机动化进程的加快,大气污染已成为我国最严重的环境问题之一,对公众健康和生态环境造成了诸多负面影响.土地利用回归,即Land-use Regression(LUR)模型是目前模拟城市尺度大气污染时空分异的常用方法之一,其在欧洲和北美得到广泛的应用,而在国内,相关研究却不多.本文在整理国内外文献的基础上,从构建LUR模型的主要步骤入手,包括监测数据获取、模型自变量生成、模型构建、模型检验和回归映射等方面,对LUR模型在大气污染时空分异研究中的进展进行归纳总结,进而展望了未来的研究重点与方向,即突出时空分异、扩展模型变量类别和改进模型构建方法.本文旨在普及LUR模型在我国的应用,为人口暴露、流行病学研究和健康风险评价等提供方法论基础.     

北京市水环境保护问题与形势研究

从污染排放、水资源、城市发展、畜禽养殖、城市径流、水生态、新兴污染物等方面分析了北京市面临的主要环境问题,结合污染源控制与治理、生态用水保障、水生态健康评价与水生态修复、新兴污染物污染防治等方面的研究进展,从生态用水保障、流域生态健康恢复和重建关键技术、污染源治理和管理的重点问题等方面提出了主要研究方向,对于水环境保护科学研究以及相关管理部门宏观决策具有很好的参考价值.     

“Talking of citizenship … ” Exploring the contribution an intergenerational,participatory learning project can make to the promotion of active citizenship in sustainable communities

The value of participating in community projects for the creation of a sustainable community is widely recognised but there remains little research into the multiple dispositions, knowledge, and competencies necessary for building and maintaining such a community. This article examines a small intergenerational social learning project that brought together students from a local community college and members of the town community association to explore the concept of sustainability-focused citizenship. The project was founded on themes of active citizenship, social learning, and intergenerational interaction, and was jointly evaluated by the participants and the researcher. This article presents two key ways in which this community-based learning project contributed to the promotion of citizenship for a sustainable community – firstly, as effective preparation for citizenship for sustainability, through the development of knowledge, disposition, and competencies, and secondly, in the performance of citizenship during the course of the workshops, through the encounter with, and negotiation of, difference.     

近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究综述

综合分析了最近20年来青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要成果,着重对青藏高原高盐湖沉积的年代学研究、盐湖环境演化的气候环境代用指标研究、盐湖沉积反映的环境演化过程研究、现代盐湖动态演化过程研究等方面进行分析。进一步探讨今后青藏高原盐湖沉积与环境演化研究的主要内容,包括更为精准的测年方法及盐湖沉积高分辨率年代序列的建立、古气候环境代用指标的综合运用与新指标探究、代用指标与气候要素关系的定量研究、盐湖沉积与环境演化的区域对比及驱动机制研究、青藏高原盐湖信息数据库平台与全球变化研究。     

砂石加工废水处理工艺研究

通过对砂石加工废水水质特性的研究可知,该类废水悬浮物浓度高、沉降性能好、且随时间推移,沉降泥渣的比阻呈增大趋势,泥渣的脱水越来越困难。在研究的基础上提出了处理该类废水的新工艺,并在中试规模将其与现行处理工艺进行了比较。结果表明,新工艺运行稳定、处理成本较低,为0.53元/吨水、泥渣脱水历时短、排泥管不易堵塞,较好地解决了废水中悬浮物沉降后泥渣的处理与排放之间的矛盾,SS去除率为99.8%,处理效果较好,可广泛应用于工程设计。     

广州市重点工业源二氧化碳排放现状与减排措施研究

文章根据2011年广州市环境统计数据以及企业调研数据,参照IPCC2006国家温室气体清单指南及省级温室气体编制指南,计算出广州市重点工业源包括电力、热力的生产和供应业、原油加工及石油制品制造、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业、纺织业、造纸及纸制品业等六大行业的二氧化碳排放量,达到4 644万吨。通过数据分析,研究了广州市重点工业源二氧化碳排放的行业特征与区域分布特征,并确定了广州市减排二氧化碳的工程措施和政策措施。     

WASP模型湖库水环境模拟国内外研究进展综述

WASP（The water quality analysis simulation program）模型是美国环保局（EPA）推荐使用的水质模型之一,数年来被广泛应用于各类水体的水质模拟、预测和决策制定.本文简述了WASP模型的基本原理,针对湖泊和水库较为相似的水环境特征,阐述了WASP模型在湖库水环境中应用的国内外进展,总结和分析了WASP模型的应用前景和不足之处,为进行湖库水环境模拟研究和模型的选用提供一定的参考依据.     

南京市生态文明建设路径探析研究

党的十八大把生态文明建设上升为"五位一体"总体布局的战略高度,生态文明建设得到空前重视。文章结合南京市情,简要介绍了推进建设生态文明的重要性和必然性。认为南京在建设生态文明方面已具备了一定的基础条件,但也面临着环境质量不乐观、产业结构偏重、资源能源约束加剧、环境安全隐患依然存在等现实压力。最后,文章从完善生态文明建设顶层设计、推动绿色发展、实施蓝天清水行动、加强生态保护与建设、确保固体废物安全处置、以及倡导绿色生活方式等方面对南京如何打造成为美丽中国标志性城市提出了几点建议。