Mechanistic study of ozonation of p-nitrophenol in aqueous solution

Introduction p Nitrophenolhasbeenwidelyusedintheproductionof pesticides,herbicides,dyes,andotherindustrialchemicals.Asaresultofthesewidespreadapplications,wastewatersandwaterresources,includinggroundwaterandsurfacewaters,havebecomecontaminatedwiththiscomp…     

Comparative study of explosion processes controlled by homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms

The dust explosion behaviors induced by two different combustion mechanisms (homogeneous and heterogeneous mechanisms) were comparatively investigated, based on the experiments under different dust concentrations, particle sizes and initial pressures in Siwek 20-L chamber. Based on the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), sweet potato dust and magnesium dust were selected as the representative dusts with homogeneous and heterogeneous combustion mechanisms, respectively. Experiments find that these two dusts have different behaviors in the explosion kinetics due to different combustion mechanisms. For sweet potato dust, the explosion pressure p_max, the pressure rise rate (dp/dt)_max and the combustion fraction η exhibit similar variation trends as dust concentration increases and they all reach to the maximum values at the worst-case concentration; while for magnesium dust, the variation of (dp/dt)_max is somewhat different from that of p_max, that is, the (dp/dt)_max will achieve the maximum at the concentration higher than the worst-case and keep stabilized with further increase of dust concentration. As the particle size decreases, the (dp/dt)_max for sweet potato dust will increasingly rise and gradually approach to a stabilized value, but for magnesium dust, the increase of (dp/dt)_max becomes pronounced only in the range of smaller particle sizes. To account the effect of initial pressure on p_max under different combustion mechanisms, a dimensionless pressure P_R was introduced to denote the relative intensity of explosion. It is found that, for sweet potato dust, the increased initial pressure will promote the explosion process (or with high P_R) for the dust cloud with high concentration due to the augmented oxygen concentration, but for the dust cloud with low concentration, the increased initial pressure will suppress the explosion process due to the increased resistance in devolatilization. For magnesium dust, the rise of initial pressure will generally promote the explosion process even for the dust cloud with low concentration; however, in the case of small particle size, the promotion of increased initial pressure to the explosion process is not so pronounced.     

Inclusive development,oil extraction and climate change: a multilevel analysis of Kenya

There has been considerable research on North–South issues on climate change; however, little work has been done on how the recent discovery of oil in some developing countries could affect North–South relations, the prospects for development for the South, climate change and local socio-environmental issues. Using the theory of inclusive development, the concept of the Right to Development, and their relation to stranded assets, this paper addresses the question: what does inclusive development imply at the national and global level in dealing with oil extraction in the context of climate change? Based on a literature review and a layered case study of Kenya, this paper concludes that (a) Kenyans argue that Kenya has a right to extract and use oil resources and that rich countries should reduce their extraction and use; (b) such a claim could be integrated in an appropriate emissions trading scheme; and that (c) Kenya should also account for the national and local socioecological aspects to reduce potential local conflict, yet the conditions favoring inclusive development are not yet established. However, such an argument may also lead to perverse results. If addressing climate change requires phasing out fossil fuels, this argument may lead to stranded assets in both developed and developing countries, and may ironically leave developing countries poorer off as stranded assets are possibly more expensive than having stranded resources.     

全球碳交易市场对中国经济-能源-气候系统的影响评估

国际气候谈判中,美国等发达国家把中国承诺强制减排目标作为其加入全球减排协定的前提,那么如果我国加入全球碳交易市场,将会对我国产生怎样的影响呢?本文基于Ramsey最优增长模型和博弈论思想,构建世界诱导技术变化混合(WITCH)模型,模拟评估全球碳交易市场对我国经济-能源-气候系统的影响,结果表明:12014年(GCM2014情景)和2020年(GCM2020情景)加入全球碳交易市场,到2100年我国GDP比常规情景(BAU情景)下分别减少6.42%和10.22%,说明加入全球碳市场将会对我国经济增长产生较大的负面影响,越早加入负面影响越小;2BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国总投资分别达到98.48亿美元、85.59亿美元和85.13亿美元,其中我国能源研发投资预计分别为32.9亿美元、82.5亿美元和96亿美元,说明对我国总投资的影响差异不是很大,但对能源技术研发投资却有快速而显著的促进作用;3BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国一次能源消费分为270 EJ、247 EJ和254 EJ,说明全球碳交易市场可以减少我国一次能源的总消费,但总量减少不是太显著,却能显著减少我国的煤炭等化石能源的消费量,因为GCM2014和GCM2020情景下,2100年煤炭消费仅占到我国一次能源消费的10%左右,而BAU情景下煤炭仍占59%;4全球碳交易市场可以比较显著的降低我国能源强度和碳排放强度;5全球碳交易市场的建立能有效降低全球气温,但不能将气温升幅控制在2℃范围以内。因此,我国要结合本国国情和实际,先建立国内碳交易市场,避免在国际压力下盲目承诺加入全球碳交易市场,至少2020年前我国不应该加入全球碳交易市场。     

Linking China’s emissions trading pilot schemes

All seven emissions trading pilots in China operate independently. One challenge facing most of them is the low inclusion thresholds for enterprises and the few total covered emissions, which negatively influences the effects of the emissions trading systems (ETSs). Some pilot sites, such as Guangdong, Hubei, Tianjin and Beijing, have indicated their willingness to link their schemes with others. ETS linking could expand scheme coverages and therefore help to reduce the overall costs of achieving the linked schemes’ emissions control targets. Linking could also help to address the issues of carbon leakage and reduce price fluctuations. The potential benefits and feasibility of linking different pilot systems are analyzed in this article. The seven pilot regions are at different stages of social and economic development, with significant differences in total emissions and emissions structures as well as carbon abatement potentials and costs. Through linking, more-developed regions such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen, which are typically considered to face higher mitigation costs, will have the opportunity to achieve their emissions control targets by purchasing carbon units from less-developed regions, which will earn financial revenues from selling the units. To realize this win-win result, a series of policy and technical barriers at both the central government and pilot government levels needs to be overcome. Establishing a unified national emissions trading market would appear to be the ideal solution to these challenges, but it will take considerable time and will not be the short-term solution. In the absence of a unified national scheme, it is recommended that the central government encourage pilot schemes to link, that it develops corresponding national policies to support the linking efforts and that the pilot schemes that are intended to be linked coordinate on certain design elements. Based on the coordinating need, the major elements of an ETS can be divided into four categories: elements that need mutual recognition (cap setting and allowance allocation methods); elements that should be completely identical (compliance mechanisms, price containment measures, banking and borrowing rules, and offset mechanisms); technical elements that are preferably identical and easy to coordinate (MRV standards, technical registry standards); and elements that require no coordination (coverages and scopes).     

滇池流域生态承载力及系统耦合效应剖析

利用ENVI4.8和Arcgis9.3软件对2001~2010年的遥感影像数据进行处理和分析,计算得出各年份的生态承载力。结合相关年份的社会经济数据,同时根据滇池流域的实际情况提取18个分析指标,运用相关分析和回归分析方法,对滇池流域生态承载力以及其与生态环境系统、资源环境系统、社会经济系统3个子系统要素的耦合关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)2001~2010年滇池流域的总生态承载力和人均生态承载力呈快速下降趋势,降幅达37.3%;耕地生态承载力呈下降趋势最明显,下降幅度达52.61%,但建设用地的生态承载力上升幅度达27.08%。(2)滇池流域生态承载力与三大系统要素相关性较好,其耦合形态呈"J"、"L"型、"U"型和倒置的"S"型等。(3)对耦合形态的形成机理进行分析,其结果表明:城镇化、社会经济的发展以及流域内粗放型的经济增长方式对形成这种耦合形态的影响较大。     

碳交易政策如何影响工业碳生产率:来自中国省级数据的准自然实验

当前,在中国奋力实现"碳达峰"碳中和"目标的背景下,不仅给碳排放量相对较高的工业企业带来较大环境治理压力,同时也给其在经济增长方面带来较大冲击.对其随着碳交易政策的提出,是否能够产生"减碳促经"效果展开深入研究.基于2005~2019年30个省市数据,通过双重差分等方法和多重中介效应模型对碳交易政策与工业碳生产率的影响效果和作用路径展开深入分析.结果表明,碳交易政策能够明显提升工业碳生产率水平;同时该种作用效果会随着试点区域的不同存在明显差异;该政策能够产生显著的环境规制、结构优化、技术和能源结构优化效应.建议通过加速完善环境规制层面法律制度、加快构建环保产业发展新体系、加强绿色技术创新研发力度和加速优化能源结构方面促进中国工业经济向低碳化发展转型.     

黑土区城郊耕地重金属污染空间扩散机制

城郊复杂环境条件下的耕地土壤重金属污染空间扩散机制是落实土壤污染源头防控和保障黑土地质量安全的基础.针对以往溯源研究中污染源头难定位和扩散趋势不明确等问题,以长春市城郊地区为例,以耕地土壤As、Pb、Hg和Cd元素为研究对象,采用近邻传播（AP）算法和空间自回归的扩散格局-驱动因素组合分析法尝试揭示黑土区城郊耕地重金属污染空间扩散机制.结果表明,ω（As）和ω（Cd）均值分别为39.35mg ·kg^-1和0.183 mg ·kg^-1,累积水平较高.内梅罗指数显示研究区有52.38%的耕地已出现轻度污染.AP算法识别出As存在3个影响幅度相似的潜在污染源地,均位于远离城市的典型农耕区;Pb元素的2个潜在污染源地集中分布于范家屯镇附近的工业区;Hg和Cd元素的扩散格局复杂,尤其是Cd元素,呈现多地并发的污染扩散特征.空间滞后模型表明,As元素的空间扩散格局和农药施用强度有关;Cd元素主要受土壤类型和设施农业布局的制约;Pb元素受区域城镇化和工业化发展的影响;Hg元素和区域污染迁移条件相关.污染调蓄功能未对4种元素的空间扩散格局产生显著影响.研究丰富了耕地重金属污染的空间分析理论和方法,对落实城郊黑土地的污染源头防控具有科学意义.     

共基质模式下铁盐脱氮反应器的运行性能及微生物学特征

铁盐作为自养反硝化电子供体时,被氧化产生的高价铁易于沉淀,使得反硝化微生物表面产生"铁壳",其抑制微生物的活性,甚至导致微生物死亡.为解决自养铁盐脱氮反应器因"铁壳"包被而导致的反应器效能下降问题,本文采用共基质模式培养铁盐脱氮反应器,即在反应器进水中适量添加少量乙酸钠,作为有机电子供体,以期实现铁盐脱氮反应器的高效、稳定运行.结果表明,添加适量有机物可使得铁盐脱氮反应器高效稳定运行,效能(以N计)达0. 51 kg·(m3·d)-1,稳定运行约30d.共基质模式下,反应器运行期间始终可以检测到异养菌.结合污泥的TEM检测结果,发现在铁盐脱氮反应器稳定运行期间,异养菌是铁盐脱氮主力军,其独特的铁盐代谢方式可有效避免铁壳形成.本项研究有效解决了铁盐脱氮过程中微生物"铁壳"包被难题,将助力于自养脱氮技术的研发及应用.     

二氧化钛光催化消毒技术在水处理中的研究

二氧化钛光催化消毒是一种新型的水处理技术,可以有效地去除水中常规的和新出现的致病微生物,杀菌效果好且相对常规消毒手段消毒副产物较少,处理工艺自身不会对处理水造成二次污染。通过总结光催化技术的研究历史,阐述了光催化氧化机理和杀灭微生物的具体过程,综述了二氧化钛光催化技术在水处理领域中杀灭细菌、真菌、藻类、原生动物和病毒的研究成果,论述了二氧化钛光催化消毒的必要性,并对二氧化钛光催化消毒的应用前景作了展望。