复合金属改性生物炭对水体中低浓度磷的吸附性能

通过FeCl₃和KMnO₄溶液对果壳生物炭进行浸渍改性,探索复合改性生物炭(Fe:Mn=1:1)对低浓度磷的吸附性能.结果表明,铁锰复合改性生物炭对低浓度磷的吸附效果远远大于铁改性及锰改性; SEM和FT-IR测定表明,铁锰复合改性后生物炭表面可能存在铁锰氧化物和铁氢氧化物.在磷浓度为0. 5 mg·L^-1、温度为298 K、固液比(mg∶L)为500时,吸附量为0. 96 mg·g^-1.当溶液的pH为4～10,均具有较高的去除率和吸附量.等温吸附实验数据符合Freundlich方程,为多层吸附.吸附热力学研究表明,ΔG^θ<0、ΔH^θ> 0和ΔS^θ> 0,说明该吸附是自发、熵增加的吸热过程.吸附动力学分析发现,改性后生物炭在60 min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,以化学吸附为主.可为天然水体和污水处理厂低浓度除磷提供理论数据支撑.     

酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响

为实现酱香型酒糟资源化综合利用和黄壤氮素有效性提升,采取田间培养试验,通过设置5个生物炭施用量0%(MB₀)、 0.5%(MB_0.5)、 1.0%(MB_1.0)、 2.0%(MB_2.0)和4.0%(MB_4.0),研究酒糟生物炭短期施用对贵州黄壤氮素有效性及细菌群落结构多样性的影响.结果表明,施用酒糟生物炭使土壤全氮(TN)和硝态氮(NN)含量分别提高35.79%～365.26%和122.96%～171.80%,微生物量氮(MBN)含量降低34.10%～59.95%,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,铵态氮/全氮(AN/TN)、硝态氮/全氮(NN/TN)和微生物量氮/全氮(MBN/TN)呈现出降低趋势.施用酒糟生物炭显著降低了土壤细菌OTU数量、群落丰富度和多样性,且随酒糟生物炭施用量的增加,该影响程度随之增加.与未施用酒糟生物炭MB₀处理相比,酒糟生物炭的施用显著改变土壤细菌群落结构,随着生物炭施用量的增加,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度提高了1....     

浒苔生物炭对滨海盐碱土壤改良的效果及途径

利用生物炭改善逆境土壤越来越受到人们关注,浒苔生物炭用于滨海盐碱土修复,不但可资源化利用浒苔,还可提高滨海土地储备规模.本文采用批量土壤培养的方法,探索0%～3%添加量的浒苔生物炭对盐碱土壤改良的效果和途径.结果表明,适用于盐碱土壤改良的浒苔生物炭最佳制备温度为400℃,最适添加量为1.5%;最适添加量下,浒苔生物炭虽提高土壤盐度(0.12%)和pH值(1.49%),产生负效应,但同时降低土壤Na⁺/K⁺ 55.73%,增加矿物质元素1倍以上,提高水分传导性能等正效应;浒苔生物炭改善土壤理化及生物性质,提高营养物质含量、增强微生物活性和改善土壤营养可利用性,产生正效应,表现为降低土壤容重11.35%,提高有机质42.64%,提高总碳与总磷中有机碳与有效磷占比3.84倍和4.15倍,分别提升土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性2.39、 1.18和1.50倍.因此,浒苔生物炭对盐碱土的正效应多于负效应,可用于滨海盐碱土改良.本研究为浒苔的资源化利用及滨海盐碱区生态环境改善提供新的路径.     

棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤-水稻中镉迁移转化的阻控作用

为研究棉花秸秆生物质炭添加对碱性水稻土壤-水稻体系中镉迁移转化的影响,通过室外盆栽试验,以水稻品种特丰优2号为试验材料,在添加外源镉含量为0、 1、 4和8 mg·kg^-1的碱性水稻土中分别施入炭土质量比分别为0%、 1%、 2.5%和5%的棉花秸秆生物质炭,待水稻收获后,分析不同含量镉胁迫处理下,施用不同量棉秆炭对碱性水稻土壤pH、养分和水稻体内镉富集、转移情况及镉在土壤中的赋存形态的影响.结果表明:①添加棉秆炭可以显著提高土壤养分(P<0.05),其中5%量的棉秆炭添加后,相比于对照组土壤有机质增加了25.74～47.53%,速效钾提高了3.16～4.25倍.②施用生物质炭可以显著降低土壤及水稻体内镉含量(P<0.05),尤其5%量的棉秆炭施用后,Cd4和Cd8含量下糙米镉含量分别由0.31 mg·kg^-1和0.43 mg·kg^-1降低到0.15 mg·kg^-1和0.10 mg·kg^-1,达到国家标准范围.生物质炭可以显著降低镉在土壤-水稻体系的富集、转移系数,...     

过氧化钙(CaO2)联合生物炭对河道底泥的修复

底泥内源污染是导致河道黑臭反复的主要因素.为防止河道黑臭现象反复,以无锡市滨湖区某一河道为实验地点,采用CaO₂联合生物炭原位覆盖技术修复黑臭河道底泥,研究了该技术对泥水水质、底泥酸挥发性硫化物(AVS)和磷形态以及微生物的影响,探究该技术对黑臭底泥修复效果.结果表明, CaO₂联合生物炭覆盖可显著提高泥水体系溶解氧(DO)浓度和氧化还原电位(ORP),其中上覆水DO浓度和ORP分别保持在2 mg·L^-1和50 mV以上.间隙水氨氮(NH⁺₄-N)、化学需氧量(COD)和总磷(TP)去除率分别达到了43.40%、 41.18%和50.97%.底泥AVS去除率达到了37.03%,高通量测序表明,底泥厌氧微生物相对丰度明显降低,出现热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、Dechloromonas、变形菌属(Proteus hauser)、脱硫微菌属(Desulfomicrobium)和硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等脱氮除硫菌群.底泥中磷转化为稳定的铁铝结合态磷和钙结合态磷....     

Environmental regulation and firms’ performance: a quasi-natural experiment from China

ABSTRACT

This paper investigates whether environmental regulation affects firm’s performance including productivity, wage and employment using firm-level data in 1996–2007. The identification uses Two Control Zones (TCZ) policy implemented by the Chinese government in 1998, in which tougher environmental regulations were imposed in TCZ cities but not others. By difference-in-differences estimation, we find that tougher environmental regulation leads to larger increase on both total factor productivity and wage, and firms tend to employ fewer workers under pressure of environmental protection. Heterogeneous tests show that the impacts are better for non-pollution intensive firms, non-exporters and SOEs. Finally, we find that R&D input and exiting firms among industry are the driving forces for enhancing TFP and increasing wage and unemployment.     

“Organic is More of an American Term … We Are Traditional Farmers”: Discourses of Place-based Organic Farming,Community, Heritage,and Sustainability

The following study looks at how traditional, organic, cooperative farmers starting a new farming cooperative in the US Southwest communicate about their farming as a set of (sustainable) cultural practices. The study draws on environmental communication theory, the theory of the coordinated management of meaning, and Vandana Shiva’s three-tiered economic model to construct a communication-based framework through which to view farmers’ stories about sustainability. This framework is productive, showing how some Nuevo Mexicano farmers (and others) orient toward farming, sustenance, and human-nature relationships through community, family, heritage, and education. Moreover, in addition to a conceptualization of sustainability as specific practices for nurturing and enduring in environments, communities, and organizations/institutions, sustainability can be understood as embedded ecocultural and historical experience with cross-cultural parallels in land-based communities. This study advances the ethical duty of environmental communication to better understand the ways in which environmental discourse and ecocultural and material realities are imbricated, as well as the call for such discursive study to be grounded in phenomenological experience of the natural world.     

Campesino hunting and conservation in Latin America

Hunting presents a paradox for biodiversity conservation. It is both a problem and a solution to species declines and poverty. Yet, conservation scientists hold different assumptions about the significance and sustainability of hunting based on the cultures and identities of hunters. In Latin America, conservationists largely sort hunters as either indigenous or campesino. Indigenous hunters are often characterized as culturally driven stewards of wildlife sustainability. Campesino hunters, by contrast, are described as peasants—cultureless, uneducated, and uncaring toward wildlife sustainability. Although such ethnically fueled hunting discourse promotes hunting research, campesino hunters remain underrepresented in most comparative hunting reviews. Moreover, there are no targeted syntheses on the current state of knowledge about campesino hunting, nothing to guide conservation research and practice with and for the largest group of hunters in Latin America. We reviewed 334 articles published from 1937 to 2018 in English (55%) and Spanish (45%)—mostly published in 145 peer-reviewed journals—on the meanings, motivations, and sustainability of campesino hunting in Latin America. Although studies spanned 17 countries, 7 ecosystems, and >75 indigenous and nonindigenous demographics in 30 research contexts, they predominantly focused on nonindigenous campesinos for species-specific conservation and protected area management in tropical broadleaf forests of Mexico, Peru, and Colombia. Authors used 12 methods to collect campesino hunting data, primarily interviews, surveys, and questionnaires, and drew from 10 local and traditional knowledge themes about wildlife trends and uses. Eighteen drivers, 14 constraints, and 10 conflicts—mainly subsistence, income, ethics, regulations, and crop or livestock protection—shaped whether campesino hunters pursued 799 species, 70% of which were least concern species. Yet, only 25 studies (8%) empirically assessed sustainability. Our results show the need for increased interdisciplinary and geographic engagement with campesino hunting across Latin America.     

水淬铜渣技术要求标准研究

面对绿色发展的新形势,我国正在大力推进固废的资源化利用工作,提升标准化水平。论述了编制水淬铜渣标准的意义和作用,介绍了标准研制的原则,以及水淬铜渣的技术要求、试验方法、检验规则等,通过标准的研制与实施,将引领并规范水淬铜渣的应用。     

生物炭施用5 a后对桂北桉树人工林土壤有机碳组分的影响

研究生物炭不同施用量施用5 a后桉树人工林土壤有机碳组分的变化特征，明确生物炭施用下土壤的固碳潜力，为桉树林业废弃物生物炭的土壤改良效应提供科学依据.基于2017年建立的桉树人工林生物炭中长期定位试验，以桉树人工林废弃枝条为原料，在500℃条件下厌氧制备生物炭，选取CK （0%）、T1（0.5%）、T2（1.0%）、T3（2%）、T4（4%）和T5（6%）这6个处理，一次性施用生物炭5 a后测定不同处理下有机碳组分含量特征.结果表明：①与对照相比，土壤有机碳及其组分随生物炭施用量的增加而增大，且在T4或T5达到最大值，土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳、易氧化态有机碳、颗粒有机碳、微生物生物量碳和碳储量分别增加了101.62%、67.46%、143.03%、164.78%、110.88%和41.73%.②随着生物炭施用量的增加，各生物炭处理土壤轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层的增幅分别为41.41%~140.63%、9.26%~87.04%、-19.54%~106.90%和15.32%~78.99%、15.72%~75.25%、89.49%~148.64%.0~30 cm土层土壤轻组有机碳和重组有机碳含量的平均值亦呈现增大的趋势，土壤碳库中以较稳定的重组有机碳为主.③土壤有机碳、碳储量和有机碳组分含量均随着土层的加深而减小.总体上，生物炭施用5 a显著增加了土壤有机碳和碳组分含量，有利于提高土壤固碳能力和土壤稳定性碳库，生物炭施用是提升桉树林土壤质量的有效措施.研究结果可为林业废弃物资源化利用和桉树人工林土壤肥力提升提供参考依据.