不同原料生物质炭DOM组分成分特性

不同原料的生物质炭DOM含量和组分存在差异,选取水稻秸秆（RS）、小麦秸秆（WS）、大豆秸秆（SS）、油菜秸秆（YS）、花生壳（PH）、松木屑（PW）和竹粉（BS）7种生物质原料在450 ℃下制备的生物质炭,采用紫外-可见光光谱（UV-vis）、荧光光谱（EEM）结合平行因子分析（PARAFAC）技术对生物质炭中DOM的光谱特征和荧光组分进行表征.结果表明：木本类生物质炭的DOM含量较秸秆类生物质炭低,分子量较高.从生物质炭DOM中鉴定分离可见区类富里酸组分（C1）、较短波长类腐殖酸组分（C2）、较长波长类腐殖酸组分（C3）和类蛋白质组分（C4）等4种组分.不同原料生物质炭DOM各组分的最大荧光强度（F_max）值表现为C1 ＞ C2 ＞ C3 、C4,秸秆类炭DOM各组分的F_max值显著高于木本类.生物质炭DOM中以C1组分占主导地位,占比达48.87% ~ 79.97%.C2、C3组分在YSB、SSB-DOM中占比最高,分别达32.71%和23.25% ,仅在YSB和PHB-DOM中发现少量C4组分.木本类原料的有机和无机矿物含量远低于秸秆类,原料中纤维素含量与生物质炭DOM总量及其C3组分呈显著的正相关关系, Ca含量与生物质炭的DOM含量及其F_max值和C3组分呈显著正相关,说明不同生物质原料的组成对生物质炭DOM组成特性具有显著的影响,研究结果为全面评估不同原料生物质炭DOM的环境效应提供重要的科学理论依据.     

土壤改良对豫中烟田甲烷吸收的影响

为探究不同土壤改良措施对豫中烟田甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律的影响,以中烟100为供试品种,利用静态密闭暗箱法对烤烟-土壤生态系统CH₄吸收速率进行了周年测定.采用随机区组试验,共设置5个处理：不施肥（NF）、仅施用氮磷钾（NPK）、氮磷钾+种植并翻压黑麦草（NPKG）、氮磷钾+小麦秸秆还田（NPKS）和氮磷钾+施用烟秆生物炭（NPKB）.结果表明,2020年所有处理CH₄排放速率为-98.45~-13.50 μg·m^-2·h^-1,表明试验田是CH₄的吸收汇,CH₄的吸收速率随着温度的升高而增加,呈现明显的季节变化规律.在烤烟生育期,CH₄吸收速率与土壤孔隙含水率（WFPS）和土壤硝态氮含量均呈负相关,与土壤温度呈正相关.在休闲期,影响CH₄吸收速率的主要因素是土壤温度.与NPK相比,生育期NPKB处理的土壤孔隙含水率显著提高13.63%,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理的硝态氮和铵态氮含量均显著升高.所有处理CH₄全年吸收总量为3.25~3.83 kg·hm^-2,NPKG、NPKS和NPKB处理CH₄吸收总量较NPK处理分别显著降低了6.59%、6.82%、12.49%.添加有机物料能够显著提高 烟叶产量,其中,NPKG处理的烟叶产量最高.综合以上结果,该地区采用种植并翻压黑麦草的土壤改良措施较为合适.     

Porous materials produced from incineration ash using thermal plasma technology

This study presents a novel thermal plasma melting technique for neutralizing and recycling municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) ash residues. MSWI ash residues were converted into water-quenched vitrified slag using plasma vitrification, which is environmentally benign. Slag is adopted as a raw material in producing porous materials for architectural and decorative applications, eliminating the problem of its disposal. Porous materials are produced using water-quenched vitrified slag with Portland cement and foaming agent. The true density, bulk density, porosity and water absorption ratio of the foamed specimens are studied here by varying the size of the slag particles, the water-to-solid ratio, and the ratio of the weights of the core materials, including the water-quenched vitrified slag and cement. The thermal conductivity and flexural strength of porous panels are also determined. The experimental results show the bulk density and the porosity of the porous materials are 0.9–1.2 g cm^?3 and 50–60%, respectively, and the pore structure has a closed form. The thermal conductivity of the porous material is 0.1946 W m^?1 K^?1. Therefore, the slag composite materials are lightweight and thermal insulators having considerable potential for building applications.     

Conservation and monitoring of a persecuted African lion population by Maasai warriors

Although Africa has many threatened species and biological hot spots, there are few citizen science schemes, particularly in rural communities, and there has been limited evaluation of existing programs. We engaged traditional Maasai warriors (pastoralist men aged 15 to 35) in community‐based conservation and demographic monitoring of a persecuted African lion (Panthera leo) population. Through direct engagement, we investigated whether a citizen science approach employing local warriors, who had no formal education, could produce reliable data on the demographics, predation, and movements of a species with which their communities have been in conflict for generations. Warriors were given benefits such as literacy training and skill enhancement and engaged in the monitoring of the lions. The trained warriors reported on lion sign across an area nearly 4000 km². Scientists worked together with the warriors to verify their reports and gather observations on the lion population. Using the verified reports and collected observations, we examined our scientific knowledge relative to the lion population preceding and during the citizen science program. Our observations showed that data quality and quantity improved with the involvement and training of the participants. Furthermore, because they engaged in conservation and gained personal benefits, the participants came to appreciate a species that was traditionally their foe. We believe engaging other local communities in biodiversity conservation and monitoring may be an effective conservation approach in rural Africa.     

钢渣资源化利用技术现况和探讨

介绍了目前我国钢渣预处理工艺和尾渣资源化利用的主要方法,并对钢渣的资源化利用发展进行了探讨。我国钢渣的资源化利用主要受到地域、钢渣性质以及市场3方面因素的限制。建议大力推广钢渣有压热闷等先进钢渣预处理技术,使钢渣处理更加高效、环保。钢渣尾渣用于制备胶凝材料和道路建设是大批量消纳钢渣的可行方法,应争取政府和财政的支持,推动跨行业的合作,促进钢渣的资源化利用。     

Recycling of Malaysia’s electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste into heavy-duty green ceramic tile

Recently, various solid wastes from industry such as glass waste, fly ash, sewage sludge and slag have been recycled into various value-added products such as ceramic tile. The conventional solutions of dumping the wastes in landfills or incineration, including in Malaysia are getting obsolete as the annual huge amount of the solid wastes would boost-up disposal cost and may cause permanent damage to the flora and fauna. This recent waste recycling approach is much better and greener as it can resolve problems associated with over-limit storage of industrial wastes and reduce exploration of natural resources for ceramic tile to continuously sustain the nature. Therefore, in this project, an attempt was made to recycle electric arc furnace (EAF) slag waste, obtained from Malaysia’s steel making industry, into ceramic tile via conventional powder compaction method. The research work was divided into two stages. The first stage was to evaluate the suitability of EAF slag in ceramic tile by varying weight percentage of EAF slag (40 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 60 wt.%) and ball clay (40 wt.%, 50 wt.% and 60 wt.%), with no addition of silica and potash feldspar. In the second stage, the weight percentage of EAF slag was fixed at 40 wt.% and the percentage of ball clay (30 wt.% and 40 wt.%), feldspar (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) and silica (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) added was varied accordingly. Results obtained show that as weight percentage of EAF slag increased up to 60 wt.%, the percentage of apparent porosity and water absorption also rose, with a reduction in tile flexural strength and increased porosity. On the other hand, limiting the weight percentage of EAF slag to 40 wt.% while increasing the weight percentage of ball clay led to a higher total percentage of anorthite and wollastonite minerals, resulting in higher flexural strength. It was found that introduction of silica and feldspar further improved the flexural strength due to optimization of densification process. The highest flexural strength, lowest apparent porosity and water absorption of EAF slag based tile was attained at the composition of 40 wt.% EAF slag – 30 wt.% ball clay – 10 wt.% feldspar – 20 wt.% silica. The properties of ceramic tile made with EAF slag waste (up to 40 wt.%), especially flexural strength are comparable to those of commercial ceramic tile and are, therefore, suitable as high flexural strength and heavy-duty green ceramic floor tile. Continuous development is currently underway to improve the properties of tile so that this recycling approach could be one of the potential effective, efficient and sustainable solutions in sustaining our nature.     

探析武术教学对民族传统文化的传承简

采用文献资料法、访谈调查法和综合分析法就以武术为媒介传承民族文化精神作出探索并分析，求证武术与传统文化的密切联系，发现了武术教学在传承民族文化时存在被竞技体育形式化，武德教育缺失，良好传统被扭曲等尴尬之处，并指出武术教学改革应重点把握武术基础理论、武德、习武的精神要义、功法原理等，可以利用各种传媒，利用多种特色鲜明的技术内容，利用传统招法名称教学等方法进行民族传统文化的传承。     

Dynamics and driving forces of agricultural landscapes in Southern Ethiopia – a case study of the Chencha and Arbaminch areas

Agricultural landscapes in Ethiopia have undergone unprecedented changes. The direction of change, however, is unsustainable as manifested in land degradation, biodiversity loss, and low agricultural productivity. The objective of this study is to examine the patterns and trends of agricultural landscape development and responses of the local people within the framework of the dynamics of demography, socioeconomic conditions, politics, and natural resources in the Chencha and Arbaminch areas, Southern Ethiopia, during the last century. Information on cultivated and grazing land areas was acquired by satellite image interpretation. Interviews and group discussions provided important information on agricultural land use systems. A review and an analysis of secondary sources and documents of past studies were also used for trend analysis as a baseline and a supplement to oral history. The results show that cultivated land was expanded by 39% from 1973 until 2006, but per capita farming land holdings decreased enormously. In the same period of time, grassland shrank by 69% thus causing a significant decrease in livestock. Cultivated land scarcity can mostly be related to demographic pressure, which was exacerbated by government policy, land tenure, and the nature of subsistence agriculture. The farmers, however, were resourceful and developed skills over millennia to cope with the problems associated with population density and scarce resources. However, these traditional land use activities and land management practices have been deteriorating recently. Land use planners and environmental managers should take local knowledge and innovation into account in order to make sound decisions for the future.     

Transforming submerged-arc welding slags into magnetic glass-ceramics

Submerged-arc welding slag (SAWS) and rice husk (RH) wastes represent two particularly abundant metallurgical and agricultural wastes. This work focusses on the feasibility of SAWS, together with glass cullet and RHs, to develop lightweight porous glass–ceramics that could be useful for technical purposes. Effects of temperatures and amounts of RHs on the porosity and water absorption of porous glass–ceramics were discussed at various dosages of husks up to 20 wt%. Depending on the sintering temperature, XRD measurements confirmed the presence of more than two crystalline phases: diopside, jacobsite, MgAl₂O₄, Ca_1.82Al_3.64Si_0.36O₈ and pyrope. These samples exhibited magnetic properties which were related to the presence of jacobsite phase. Magnetization curve is a characteristic of soft ferromagnetic materials with magnetization saturating at ~0.82 emu/g. The present results show a promising way to treat submerged-arc welding slags, transforming it into useful porous and functional glass–ceramic products via a simple powder technology and sintering approach.     

基于GIS和受体模型的枸杞地土壤重金属空间分布特征及来源解析

通过测定"万亩枸杞示范园"119个表层(0～20 cm)土壤样品中重金属铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、铬(Cr)和镉(Cd)含量,以宁夏土壤背景值为评价标准,利用单因子指数、内梅罗综合指数和潜在生态危险指数评价土壤重金属污染状况,借助绝对因子分析/多元线性回归受体模型(APCS-MLR)与地统计相结合的方法,对土壤重金属空间分布及来源进行分析.结果表明,Pb、Ni、Zn、Mn、Cu、Cr和Cd含量分别为34. 78、52. 376、83. 692、641. 114、38. 130、87. 257和0. 149 mg·kg~(-1),均低于国家土壤污染风险筛选值但超过了宁夏土壤背景值.内梅罗综合指数显示枸杞地81. 51%样点的土壤重金属呈现轻度污染,16. 81%样点呈现中度污染,1. 68%未受重金属污染.潜在生态危险复合指数表明,13. 45%样点表现为轻微生态风险,86. 55%样点表现为中等生态风险.枸杞地土壤重金属有4种主要来源:自然源、工业活动源、交通源和农业活动源,其中Ni和Cr的来源以自然源为主,贡献率分别为55. 49%和64. 66%,Pb和Mn的来源以工业活动源为主,贡献率分别为46. 93%和42. 53%,Zn和Cu的来源以交通源为主,贡献率分别为43. 51%和53. 71%,Cd的来源以农业活动源为主,贡献率为76. 79%.枸杞地土壤重金属含量明显受人类活动影响且来源复杂,应根据其贡献率加强控制,确保中宁枸杞土壤资源的可持续利用.