稻鱼共生系统生态服务功能价值比较——以浙江省青田县和贵州省从江县为例

石油农业导致生态系统退化与环境受损.人们在寻找新的农业途径时,将目光转向传统农业,开始对传统农耕模式的价值进行挖掘.稻鱼共生是最为典型的中国传统生态农业模式之一,因其历史悠久、景观独特和效益显著而被联合国粮农组织列为首批全球重要农业文化遗产保护试点之一.在数千年的农耕文化演变过程中,同宗的青田县和从江县的传统农业系统,由于受到不同的自然、经济和文化的影响,分别形成了以养鱼为主和以种稻为主的稻鱼共生系统.本文采用市场价值法、造林成本法、替代价格法、大气污染治理成本法和水库工程费用法等,分别对青田县和从江县传统农业区生态系统服务功能的经济进行评估.结果表明,以养鱼为主的青田县直接经济价值比以种稻为主的从江县平均每公顷高近1.70万元,但其闻接价值却比后者低,从江县稻鱼共生系统的气体调节和养分保持价值分别是青田县的1.35和1.59倍.最后,本文提出了提高农民收入的途径,以更好地保护这一具有全球重要意义的农业文化遗产.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

Amplification of plasmid DNA bound on soil colloidal particles and clay minerals by the polymerase chain reaction

Polymerase chain reaction(PCR)was used to amplify a 600-base pair(bp)sequence of plasmid pGEX-2T DNA bound on soil colloidal particles from Brown soil(Alfisol)and Red soil(Ultisol),and three different minerals(goethite,kaolinite,montmorillonite). DNA bound on soil colloids,kaolinite,and montmorillonite was not amplified when the complexes were used directly but amplification occurred when the soil colloid or kaolinite-DNA complex was diluted,10- and 20-fold.The montmorillonite-DNA complex required at least 100-fold dilution before amplification could be detected.DNA bound on goethile was amplified irrespective of whether the complex was used directly,or diluted 10- and 20-fold.The amplification of mineral-bound plasmid DNA by PCR is,therefore,markedly influenced by the type and concentration of minerals used.This information is of fundamental importance to soil molecular microbial ecology with particular reference to monitoring the fate of genetically engineered microorganisms and their recombinant DNA in soil environments.     

论中药的毒副作用

中药在临床的应用将日益广泛,但其毒副作用应当受到重视,本文就中药的毒副作用及其与毒副作用有关的因素,毒副作用对机体的影响等问题进行了论述.     

传统文化与现代旅游景观的契合 ——重庆龙水湖规划与设计

文章通过对重庆龙水湖景区规划设计构思的分析，阐述了传统文化与现代旅游景观融合的规划设计手法。     

抗抑郁症中药的研究现状

由于化学合成抗抑郁药在长期服用后会出现严重的毒副作用,因此作用温和、副作用少的传统中药及其方剂越来越受到人们的关注和患者的欢迎．本文从几种中药及其方剂的作用机制和抗抑郁效果方面,对目前国内外抗抑郁中药的研究现状进行综述．参13．     

荒漠绿洲土壤抗生素抗性基因分布特征及驱动机制

荒漠绿洲农田生态系统是干旱区环境下人类活动显著的复合生态系统.土壤微生物抗生素抗性与人类健康和生态平衡关系密切.研究荒漠绿洲环境不同土地利用类型模式下土壤抗生素抗性基因的多样性、分布特征和影响因素,对于评估干旱区土壤环境健康风险,促进绿洲农业生态的发展具有重要意义.采用高通量测序和高通量定量PCR技术对荒漠绿洲土壤微生物的群落结构和抗生素抗性基因多样性开展了研究,旨在探究干旱区土壤抗性基因的分布特征及其驱动机制.结果表明,从沙漠边缘到绿洲,荒漠沙生植物土壤、棉花地土壤、玉米地土壤、芦苇地土壤和湖泊沉积物中抗生素抗性的种类和丰度显著增加,与土地利用变化关系密切,农田土壤是抗性基因的重要存储库;荒漠绿洲土壤微生物群落与抗生素抗性基因显著相关,硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、沙漠细菌属(Pontibacter)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、耐盐微杆菌属(Salinimicrobium)、土壤红杆菌属(Solirubrobacter)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces)等是各类抗性基因重要的潜在携带者;干旱区土壤中重(类)金属元素和可移动基因元件,与微生物群落共同塑造了抗生...     

连续流SNAD工艺处理猪场沼液启动过程中微生物种群演变及脱氮性能

为了实现合建式连续流同步部分亚硝化、厌氧氨氧化和反硝化SNAD(simultaneous partial nitrification,ANAMMOX,and denitrification)工艺处理实际猪场沼液,保持温度为(30±1)℃,控制溶解氧(DO)为(0.4±0.1)mg·L~(-1),首先通过逐步提高模拟进水氨氮浓度来实现SNAD工艺的启动,然后实现SNAD工艺处理实际猪场沼液的稳定运行.同时,采用高通量测序和实时定量PCR(qPCR)技术对反应器启动前后及沼液替换成功时关键生物种群进行分析.结果表明,150 d左右可实现SNAD工艺的启动, 298 d完成实际沼液的替换,其出水(NO~-_3-N+NO~-_2-N)/ΔNH~+_4-N小于0.11,对NH~+_4-N和TN的平均去除率为63.26%和55.71%.高通量测序结果表明,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,相对丰度50.78%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 13.34%)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes, 9.26%)是沼液替换成功时污泥中的优势菌门;主要优势脱氮菌属Nitrosomonas的相对丰度由启动前1.55%增加到1.98%;两类具有厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)功能菌Candidatus_Brocadia和Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度分别从启动前0.01%和未检出(0.01%)增加到4.66%和4.18%;Denitratisoma作为主要的反硝化菌,丰度由启动前未检出(0.01%)增加到2.06%.qPCR结果表明,与接种污泥相比,沼液替换成功后AOB、ANAMMOX菌和反硝化菌的含量均有明显增加.将SNAD工艺用于实际猪场沼液处理,可实现高效稳定脱氮,节约后续处理成本.     

PCR—DGGE技术在废水生物处理中的应用研究

聚合酶链式反应一变形梯度凝胶电泳（PCR—DGGE）作为一种分子指纹图谱能够较准确地反应污水处理过程中微生物群落结构多样性及其动态变化而广泛应用于废水生物处理技术的研究中。PCR—DGGE技术不仅能对样品中微生物群落结构多样性及种群演替进行分析,还能用于污水处理中优势菌群的分离与鉴定,克服了传统方法费时费力、培养条件苛刻等局限性,进而运用该技术构建高效的污染物降解工程菌,提高难降解有机物的去除效率,调节实际工艺参数,提高污水处理效率。