中药废水污泥群落结构解析中PCR-DGGE引物的选择与评价

在中药废水生物活性污泥群落DGGE解析过程中,为了探讨16S rDNA通用引物的扩增效率和对污泥细菌群落的表征能力,选用包括简并性引物在内的11对通用引物扩增16S rDNA序列的4个可变区,并应用DGGE图谱评价不同引物的扩增效率和微生物种群多样性.结果表明,采用不同引物对进行DGGE分析时,微生物种群多样性存在着显...     

生物预处理对微污染地表水中有机物的去除

采用膜过滤法对某江水、生物滤池出水和常规处理出水进行了分子量分析 ,考察了 2个单元对不同分子量区间有机物的去除率。结果表明 :原水中分子量小于 1K的有机物占总DOC的 80 % ;生物滤池对分子量小于 0 .5K、0 .5～ 1K及 >60K的有机物去除率分别为 2 7.2 %、2 6 .9%和 1 6 .3% ;常规处理对以上分子量区间有机物的去除率分别为 39.2 %、30 .3 %和 2 9.6 %。     

山区村镇洪灾承灾能力评估——以神农架林区为例

针对我国山区村镇洪灾特点,以神农架林区为对象,提出了基于云模型的洪灾承灾能力评价方法。针对山区村镇条件和山洪特点,构建评估指标体系;建立基于逆向云发生器和综合云算法结合专家打分区间和最可能值确定指标权重、使用条件云发生器获得量化指标的评价水平、耦合得到评价结果的评价方法,并对全区八个乡镇的山洪承灾能力进行了评估,为林区规划提供科学依据。结果表明,林区各村镇山洪承灾能力总体较低,孕灾环境恶劣,专项应灾能力明显落后,其中松柏镇、阳日镇、红坪镇和下谷坪乡属于低水平,木鱼镇与新华镇属于较低水平,宋洛乡属于中等水平,九湖镇为高水平。案例结果表明该方法能够直观地将客观数据和主观认识反映为综合结果,有利于获得可靠的结论。     

常规净水工艺对猛水蚤的去除机理及效果

为实现对桡足类生物泄露风险的高效控制,以猛水蚤为研究对象,开展了常规净水工艺对桡足类生物的去除作用机理及效果研究,重点研究了猛水蚤去除与絮体颗粒形态特性关系和在石英砂滤床的分布规律.结果表明:优化操作条件下,混凝沉淀和过滤对猛水蚤去除率均可达99%,最佳工况包括快速搅拌300 r/min(1min)、中速搅拌150 r/min(5min)和低速搅拌75 r/min(5min),聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量10 mg/L,沉淀时间0.5h,滤速9m/h,过滤周期1d.混凝对猛水蚤的去除效率主要决定于猛水蚤与絮体的有效吸附,絮体颗粒粒径越大、分形维数越低,猛水蚤去除率越高;过滤水冲刷携带引起的被动迁移,是导致猛水蚤穿透砂滤池的主要原因,适当降低滤速和缩短过滤周期,控制猛水蚤被动迁移规模,可以达到提高猛水蚤去除率效果.     

《名古屋议定书》政府间委员会(ICNP)议题谈判成效

《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第10次会议(COP-10)决定设立名古屋议定书政府间委员会(ICNP),主要负责《关于遗传资源获取与惠益分享(ABS)的名古屋议定书》(简称《议定书》)缔约方大会第1次会议(COP/MOP-1)的筹备工作。2011年6月、2012年7月和2014年2月,分别在加拿大、印度和韩国共召开了3次会议。会议对《议定书》生效和执行将面临的问题开展了讨论。通过详细梳理不同缔约方与其它国家政府对两年期方案预算、COP/MOP议事规则、COP/MOP-1临时议程草案、全球多边惠益分享机制、ABS信息交换所、能力建设、意识提高、遵约程序和机制、监测与报告以及示范合同条款等主要议题所持观点,总结了会议的进展动态,综合分析了各议题的谈判成效,深入探讨了名古屋议定书委员会对《议定书》生效和执行的积极作用以及面临的挑战。     

Sustainable tourism for remote atolls in the Pacific

SUMMARY

Coral atolls, as visitor destinations, have received little attention in the literature of tourism on mid-oceanic islands. However, the current trend of nature-based tourism, which involves travelling to relatively remote and undisturbed places, makes the atolls a desirable destination. This paper explores ways of how appropriate tourism can be introduced to atoll society within the context of traditional resource uses and the application of intermediate technologies. With the acceptance of a code of ethics for tourist behaviour and technologies aimed at reducing dependency of foreign imports, atoll tourism could become a viable economic alternative to the continued over-exploitation of marine resources.     

Rehabilitation of degraded community lands for sustainable development in Himalaya: a case study in Garhwal Himalaya,India

SUMMARY

An approach to the rehabilitation of degraded community lands built on people's perceptions and traditional knowledge was developed, implemented on a small scale (6 ha plot), and evaluated in terms of economic and ecological costs and benefits over a period of 5 years in a mid-altitude (1200 m) village of Garhwal Himalaya. Rehabilitation comprised establishment of water harvesting tanks, organic management of soil, agroforestry (native multipurpose trees t traditional crops), and decision making by the whole village community. Costs and benefits under irrigated and unirrigated conditions were compared. The total cost of establishing the irrigated agroforestry system was 1.23 fold that of the unirrigated one, whereas the total benefit was 2.09 fold. The average standing above-ground biomass of the 4-year-old plantation in the irrigated agroforestry system was 11.69 t/ha compared to 8.34 t/ha in the unirrigated system. Improvement in soil properties was more pronounced in the irrigated system than in the unirrigated one. Nutrient input, an input derived largely from forest biomass, in the unirrigated system was nearly 3 times higher than that in the irrigated system. It is concluded that, considering the local and national/regional/global interests in an integrated manner, agroforestry incorporating water management would be a more effective option for rehabilitating degraded community lands than the afforestation currently being attempted by the government in the mid-altitudes of Indian Himalaya.     

不同类型生态浮床对富营养河水脱氮效果及微生物菌群的影响

通过设施大棚内容积为1.5 m3的人工模拟池试验,研究了框式与传统旱伞草浮床对富营养河水氮素转化及微生物菌群的影响. 传统浮床是以聚乙烯泡沫板为载体,栽植陆生植物来削减水体氮磷和有机物质等,从而达到净化水质的效果. 框式浮床是以塑料镂空支架为载体,除种植陆生植物外还添加填料等组件的新型浮床. 结果表明:①2种浮床对水体中TN,NH₄+-N和NO₃--N均有显著的去除效果,其中框式浮床和传统浮床的NH₄+-N去除率分别高达91%和86%,TN去除率也分别达到74%和64%,NO₃--N去除率分别为49%和31%. ②2种浮床系统有效地提高了水体中微生物和氮循环细菌总数和种群数量,尤其是框式浮床不同时期均比空白对照高出2～3个数量级. ③氮循环细菌的数量跟水体氮素去除有显著相关性. 其中水体ρ(NH₄+-N)和氨化菌数量呈显著正相关,ρ(NH₄+-N)和硝化菌数量呈极显著负相关,ρ(NO₃--N),ρ(TN)和反硝化菌数量之间呈极显著负相关. ④框式浮床的独特结构使之比传统浮床的去氮能力更强. 其中,填料系统吸附贡献率为8%,植物吸收的去氮贡献为16.5%,微生物系统脱氮则为75.5%;而传统浮床植物系统吸收贡献率为31.8%,微生物系统脱氮贡献率为68.2%. 说明浮床系统中植物吸收只是系统去氮的一种途径,微生物脱氮在2种浮床脱氮途径中占主导作用.      

Evaluating Rapid Participatory Rural Appraisal as an Assessment of Ethnoecological Knowledge and Local Biodiversity Patterns

Abstract:  There is a pressing need to find both locally and globally relevant tools to measure and compare biodiversity patterns. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) is important to biodiversity monitoring, but has a contested role in preliminary biodiversity assessments. We examined rapid participatory rural appraisal (rPRA) (a tool commonly used for local needs assessments) as an alternative to surveys of vascular plants conducted by people with local knowledge. We used rPRA to determine the local-knowledge consensus on the average richness, diversity, and height of local grasses and trees in three habitats surrounding Boumba, Niger, bordering Park-W. We then conducted our own vascular plant surveys to collect information on plant richness, abundance, and structure. Using a qualitative ranking, we compared TEK-based assessments of diversity patterns with our survey-based assessments. The TEK-based assessments matched survey-based assessments on measures of height and density for grasses and trees and tree richness. The two assessments correlated poorly on herb richness and Simpson's D value for both trees and grasses. Plant life form and gender of the participant affected the way diversity patterns were described, which highlights the usefulness of TEK in explaining local realities and indicates limitations of using TEK as a large-scale assessment tool. Our results demonstrate that rPRA can serve to combine local-knowledge inquiry with scientific study at a cost lower than vascular plant surveys and demonstrates a useful blunt tool for preliminary biodiversity assessment.     

Local knowledge and climate change adaptation on Erub Island,Torres Strait

Local knowledge is a valuable asset in observing and managing environmental change, and importantly, is an unheralded source of adaptive capacity. Torres Strait Islanders are no exception, having used such knowledge to adapt to biophysical changes in their environment for centuries. This article explores the ways in which Islanders have coped in the past with environmental changes to plan for their future. This article focuses on Erub Island in the eastern group of islands in the Torres Strait and charts the adaptation actions or activities employed by respected locals (Elders and Aunties). Drawing on their local knowledge, these actions or activities have included the building of rock walls and wind breaks, using native species to re-vegetate sand cays and the coastal foreshore, applying self-sufficient practices such as fish traps and gardening, reading and respecting country, and transferring this knowledge to the younger generation. In this way, it is the Islanders themselves who detail, based on their local knowledge, what is most appropriate for their community.