手机导航方式对驾驶行为的影响研究

为研究驾驶员驾驶时使用不同手机导航方式对驾驶行为的影响,开展模拟驾驶试验,利用眼动仪获取4个场景下车辆行驶状态和驾驶人视觉参数;通过均值比较,方差和显著性分析,探究不同手机导航方式下驾驶行为存在的差异。结果表明:不同手机导航方式均造成驾驶分心,但分心程度不同;手持手机导航使驾驶人对前方和左侧区域的关注下降最为显著;使用导航时,驾驶人一般通过降低车速来减少分心带来的潜在风险,其中手持手机导航降低幅度最大;使用手机导航时,车辆纵向速度标准差更加集中,说明此时驾驶人对于车辆的控制变强。     

山区二级公路交通事故致因的时间演化机制

为获取二级公路事故致因的时间演化机制,根据云南省元(谋)双(柏)二级公路2012—2017年事故数据,以交通事故严重程度为因变量,以时间、交通运行环境及交通事故参与者等为自变量,基于熵权-逼近理想解排序(TOPSIS)法量化交通事故严重程度;采用相关性分析法分析自变量与因变量间的相关程度;依托Logistic模型建立各年交通事故严重程度分析模型,并从拟合优度检验和预测准度检验等2方面检验模型的信度与效度。结果表明:事故发生天气、时间段、事故形态、是否涉及无防护车辆以及是否涉及大型车辆等与事故严重程度相关性较高,且形态为碰撞行人、涉及无防护车辆或大型车辆的事故严重程度较高。     

基于模糊聚类的马氏链模型在交通事故预测中的应用

运用模糊聚类分析方法,借助于MATLAB软件,对中国31个地区交通事故的危害程度进行动态分类和综合评价.根据中国1999-2005年31个地区的交通事故4个指标和5个社会经济因素数据,把31个地区分为3类,即轻灾区、较重灾区、重灾区;其中浙江、福建与宁夏的交通事故危害严重,上海、北京与天津的交通状况正在好转,这与客观实际符合.根据模糊聚类的结果,求得交通事故状态转移概率矩阵,利用马氏链模型可预测未来31个地区的交通事故发展趋势.     

Effectiveness of primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws: a summary of the Guide to Community Preventive Services systematic reviews

BACKGROUND: The use of safety belts is the single most effective means of reducing fatal and nonfatal injuries in motor-vehicle crashes. This paper summarizes the systematic reviews of two interventions to increase safety belt use: primary enforcement safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement of safety belt laws. The reviews were previously published in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. METHODS: We conducted the systematic reviews using the methodology developed for the Guide to Community Preventive Services. RESULTS: These reviews provide strong evidence that primary laws are more effective than secondary laws in increasing safety belt use and decreasing fatalities and that enhanced enforcement is effective in increasing safety belt use. Increases in belt use are generally highest in states with low baseline rates of belt use. DISCUSSION: Primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement programs tend to result in greater increases in usage rates for target groups with lower baseline rates. Concerns regarding public opposition to these interventions may impede their implementation in some jurisdictions. However, surveys indicate that a substantial majority of the public supports implementation of both primary laws and enhanced enforcement programs. CONCLUSION: Based on the strong evidence for effectiveness of primary safety belt laws and enhanced enforcement programs, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services recommended that all states enact primary safety belt laws and that communities implement enhanced enforcement programs.     

空中交通管制员人因可靠性分析方法

为有效评价空中交通管制员作业可靠性,以人为差错评价和规避方法(HEART)为基础,开发面向管制员的人因可靠性分析(HRA)方法。首先分析管制员的工作任务,确定管制员通用任务场景(GTT);然后采用几何平均法、采样法对多源的基本人为差错概率(NHEP)进行融合;按照人-机-环-管的思路,结合已有方法的差错诱发条件(EPC)或绩效形成因子(PSF),综合确定管制员EPC,并结合德尔菲法,利用贝叶斯网络(BN)计算得到EPC的最大影响值;最后以管制员调配飞行冲突为例,运用文中所提方法计算人为差错概率(HEP)。结果表明:与传统单纯使用HEART方法和认知可靠性差错分析方法(CREAM)的计算结果相比,文中所提计算结果更为合理。     

Aggressive behavior while driving as predictor of self-reported car crashes

PROBLEM: In Greece, there is a lack of scientific evidence on the relationship between aggressive behavior while driving and young drivers' involvement in car crashes; this study examined this potential relationship. METHODS: The randomly selected samples of 356 young drivers (18-24 years old) were interviewed through a questionnaire of self-reported car crash involvement, which mainly focused on their behavior on the road and the number of car crashes in which they had been involved. RESULTS: The statistical methods used were principal components analysis (PCA) and multiple regression analysis. Two factors relevant to aggressive driving emerged: (a) driving violations and (b) irritability while driving. The multivariate model suggested that driving just for fun (joyriding) and irritability were predictors of young drivers' involvement in car crashes. It was found that younger age was negatively associated with young drivers' involvement in car crashes. IMPACT ON GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY: The findings of this study can contribute in the formation of public policies aiming to prevent young drivers' car crashes. These findings can also be the starting point of some health promotion interventions trying to reduce car crashes and casualties on the road. Finally, the insurance companies may be interested in applying these findings into their field of interest.     

我国道路交通安全发展情景分析

以日本和美国为例,分析了发达国家道路交通事故高发期的发展历程,得出了道路交通事故的上升与国家经济发展和机动化增长有着直接关系的结论.笔者通过分析和预测我国经济和道路交通的发展情景发现,今后我国道路交通发展特征和日本道路交通高发期的情况十分类似.如果现有交通管理体制和技术措施没有大的变化,我国道路交通事故死亡人数到2020年可能会超过23万人.为此,国家应尽快改善道路交通管理方面所存在体制上、行政上和技术上的不足,防止出现笔者所预测的道路交通事故极其严重的局面.     

基于尾涡强度的无人机与民机纵向安全间隔评估研究

为了解决无人机频频入侵机场净空,与民航客机发生危险接近的问题,以碰撞风险为量化指标,对无人机与民机需要保持的纵向安全间隔进行评估研究。分析民机尾涡流场对无人机运行的影响,利用Crow近场涡强度消散理论,得到实际尾迹影响区改进Reich碰撞模板,据此建立CNS/GPS性能环境下的纵向间隔评估模型,通过Matlab进行间隔值求解。研究结果表明:模型可以较为准确地反映民机起飞初始爬升阶段无人机尾随运行时导航性能和尾涡迹对所需最小间隔值的影响,并得到给定安全目标水平的计算结果。     

交通安全对策的关联树法分析

分析了交通安全的影响因素,结合系统工程理论,建立了道路交通安全对策关联树,并计算了指标的重要度,为提出合理的交通安全对策提供了理论依据.