黄河断流成因及人文思考

日益严峻的黄河断流现象严重地影响了黄河流域经济和社会的可持续发展，也制约了西部大开发战略的实施。在分析了黄河断流的危害、成因的基础上，提出了在工程措施之外，要从人口、法律制度、产业结构等人文因素方面入手缓解黄河断流。     

应用GIS-ANN进行土地盐碱化危险度评价--以吉林西部平原为例

土地盐碱化可破坏生态环境，制约社会经济的可持续发展，已成为一种严重的环境灾害。应用GIS技术提取土地盐碱化和环境信息，采用关联度法分析了土地盐碱化与各环境要素之间的关系，应用人工神经网络模型(ANN)进行了盐碱化危险度评价。结果表明，吉林西部平原有53．97％的土地盐碱化危险度为Ⅳ级和V级。实践证明，应用GIS—ANN集成技术评价土地盐碱化的危险度是一种较好的方法，为土地盐碱化的防治提供了科学依据。     

利用WEBGIS实现地震灾害信息数据的管理

介绍了WEBGIS技术的特点、基本原理和实现方法，及其在管理海量地理数据中的优势，并构建了基于WEBGIS的地震灾害信息数据的主体框架。     

A Conceptual Framework for Selecting and Analyzing Stressor Data to Study Species Richness at Large Spatial Scales

/ In this paper we develop a conceptual framework for selectingstressor data and analyzing their relationship to geographic patterns ofspecies richness at large spatial scales. Aspects of climate and topography,which are not stressors per se, have been most strongly linked withgeographic patterns of species richness at large spatial scales (e.g.,continental to global scales). The adverse impact of stressors (e.g., habitatloss, pollution) on species has been demonstrated primarily on much smallerspatial scales. To date, there has been a lack of conceptual developmenton how to use stressor data to study geographic patterns of speciesrichness at large spatial scales.The framework we developed includes four components: (1) clarification of theterms stress and stressor and categorization of factors affecting speciesrichness into three groups-anthropogenic stressors, natural stressors, andnatural covariates; (2) synthesis of the existing hypotheses for explaininggeographic patterns of species richness to identify the scales over whichstressors and natural covariates influence species richness and to providesupporting evidence for these relationships through review of previousstudies; (3) identification of three criteria for selection of stressor andcovariate data sets: (a) inclusion of data sets from each of the threecategories identified in item 1, (b) inclusion of data sets representingdifferent aspects of each category, and (c) to the extent possible, analysisof data quality; and (4) identification of two approaches for examiningscale-dependent relationships among stressors, covariates, and patterns ofspecies richness-scaling-up and regression-tree analyses.Based on this framework, we propose 10 data sets as a minimum data base forexamining the effects of stressors and covariates on species richness atlarge spatial scales. These data sets include land cover, roads, wetlands(numbers and loss), exotic species, livestock grazing, surface water pH,pesticide application, climate (and weather), topography, and streams.KEY WORDS: Anthropogenic impacts; Biodiversity; Environmental gradients;Geographic information systems; Hierarchy     

IMPACT OF COAL SURFACE MINING ON THREE OHIO WATERSHEDS - SURFACE-WATER HYDROLOGY1

ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91.     

支持灾害管理决策的咨询信息系统

为减少中国大城市灾害造成的损失，运用信息科学、系统科学的方法和计算机技术，建立支持灾害管理决策的咨询信息系统（ＤＭＤＳＣＩＳ）。灾害文献数据库管理系统（ＤＬＤＢＭＳ）是这一咨询信息系统的知识基础和信息来源。本文论述了“ＤＬＤＢＭＳ”和三个主要的子系统“灾害文献数据库管理系统”、“灾害事实数据库管理系统”、“中外减灾法规超文本检索系统”的作用、设计思想、构成、功能和实现方法。     

防抱制动系统Tb-S收敛特性及其对道路交通事故的影响

对汽车防抱制动系统中制动力矩Ｔｂ与车轮滑移率Ｓ的收敛特性和收敛区域进行探讨，指出该收敛区域恰与制动稳定区重合，从而可使车辆的制动性能得到极大的改善。同时，还进行了防抱制动系统对道路交通事故影响的分析与研究。     

Using digital image projections to visualize forest landscape changes due to management activities and forest growth

A pedagogic problem in forestry and landscape management is to visualize future landscape effects of forest growth and current management activities in the forest. This paper presents a method for forecasting digital image projections of forest landscape dynamics. Static nonlinear regression functions estimate the digital numbers in a Landsat Thematic Mapper image. Regressors used are forest stand variables. By estimating the future forest stand data, based on intermediate treatment and growth, future satellite digital images are created. In a case study example, the future landscape of a forest block in the province of Västernorrland, Sweden, is projected to demonstrate the application of this visualization technique.     

淮河上游洪水灾害可公度信息系预测

可公度信息系是一种源于天文学的预测方法，其实质是寻求事物发生的经验关系。本文应用此法对淮河上游的洪水灾害进行了预测分析，结果表明淮河上游洪水灾害发生具有２ａ、４ａ、５ａ、７ａ、９ａ、１１ａ、１９ａ及７１ａ等多种周期，并在１９９７年、２０００年等年份的前后有可能发生大洪水。     

人为泥石流灾害严重等级的定量模糊综合评判

根据神府－东胜矿区人为泥石流的调查分析，选择１５个因素（含５个主控因素）作为其严重程度的评价因子，确定了四值逻辑（严、中、轻、否）评判的定量标准。应用模糊综合评判和分层定量模糊综合评判两种方法对该煤田６５条泥石流沟的严重等级进行综合判别，准确性达９３．１％，它为保护该地煤田建设和工农业生产提供了重要的科学依据。