不同有机肥中磷在土壤剖面中累积迁移特征与有效性差异

为明确连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的分布规律和迁移特征,探讨不同有机肥磷投入下农田磷负荷.通过4 a连续田间定位试验,定量化研究连续施用不同有机肥后土壤剖面中磷的累积迁移特征与有效性差异.结果表明:(1)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,肥料中磷主要积累在0~15 cm表层土壤,土壤全磷、速效磷含量均随土壤深度增加逐渐降低;连续4 a施用高量有机肥后,其带入的磷可明显迁移到15~30 cm土层,施用高量猪粪速效磷可迁移到60~90 cm土层.(2)连续4 a施用不同有机肥后,土壤表层中速效磷占全磷比例增加,且高用量与低用量之间差异显著.土壤剖面中速效磷占全磷比例的大小顺序为:猪粪处理鸡粪处理污泥处理磷肥处理.(3)施用鸡粪、猪粪、污泥和磷肥后土壤表层中速效磷含量随磷投入量增加呈先增加后平缓的规律.(4)本试验条件下,不同有机肥相同磷投入下对表层土壤速效磷贡献存在较大差异,表现为:猪粪鸡粪污泥.猪粪带入磷的生物有效性和移动性明显高于鸡粪、污泥和磷肥.     

R134a在水平环形通道内的凝结换热性能

在空气源热泵热水器中,对水平套管冷凝器环形通道内R134a的凝结换热特性进行实验研究。在冷凝器不同进水流量、进水温度时,实验测试了水平套管冷凝器凝结换热系数随热流密度、冷凝压力及干度的变化。实验工况为:冷凝器的进水流量为0.6~1.0 m~3/h,进水温度为15~60℃。实验结果表明:水平环形通道内R134a的凝结换热系数随热流密度和冷凝压力(温度)的升高而减小,当冷凝压力为1.3 MPa,热流密度由18 k W/m2增加至20.5 k W/m~2时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了6.9%;当热流密度为15 k W/m~2,冷凝压力由1.78 MPa增大至1.83 MPa时,R134a的凝结换热系数减小了5.8%。R134a的局部凝结换热系数随干度的增大而增大,当冷凝压力为1.1 MPa,热流密度为18.3 k W/m~2,制冷剂干度由0.1增大至0.9时,R134a的局部凝结换热系数增大了24.4%。     

淀山湖沉积物-水界面氮磷通量及其生态环境效应研究

底泥营养盐释放对淀山湖湖区造成的内源污染不容忽视.采用室外采样和室内模拟实验方法,对春夏两季淀山湖沉积物-水界面氮磷释放速率进行了研究.结果表明春季氨氮、硝态氮、可溶磷的的通量变化范围分别为-692.79~315.82 mg/(m2?h)、-19.04~5.29 mg/(m2?h)和-1.35~2.31 mg/(m2?h),平均值分别为76.65 mg/(m2?h)、-3.29 mg/(m2?h)和0.64 mg/(m2?h).夏季三者变化范围分别为-74.15~91.91 mg/(m2?h)、-70.71 mg/(m2?h)~8.65 mg/(m2?h)和-10.02~18.86 mg/(m2?h),平均值为4.85 mg/(m2?h)、-42.16 mg/(m2?h)和9.47 mg/(m2?h).淀山湖区春夏两季总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的交换总量分别为-1769.22 t,1539.40 t,淀山湖底泥可以有效去除上覆水体氮负荷,但却是水体磷的释放源.     

亚热带浅水池塘水-气界面甲烷通量特征

为研究亚热带富营养化浅水池塘水-气界面CH_4释放通量特征,以宜昌地区5个浅水池塘为对象,利用静态通量箱法进行了为期一年的水-气界面CH_4通量监测.结果表明,这5个池塘CH_4的年释放量分别为4.495、12.702、6.827、8.920、17.560 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1).其中扩散通量分别为0.075、0.087、0.118、0.086、0.151 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),冒泡通量分别为4.420、12.616、6.709、8.834、17.409 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),CH_4冒泡量占CH_4释放总量的98%以上,并且CH_4释放量明显高于其他水域生态系统(湖泊、水库).可见在富营养化浅水水域中,CH_4释放量较大,且冒泡排放是CH_4的主要排放方式,而只关注扩散排放而忽略冒泡排放则会大大低估CH_4释放量.     

调控絮体形态强化电絮凝减缓膜污染

本研究通过调节电絮凝工艺参数来实现对絮体形态的调控,进而达到减缓膜污染的目的.主要考察了电流密度、初始pH、初始电导率对絮体性质以及膜通量的影响,并解析了超滤膜对不同形貌结构絮体的膜污染响应机制.结果表明,电絮凝减缓膜污染的关键是在膜表面形成疏松多孔的滤饼层,电絮凝-超滤(electrocoagulation-ultrafiltration,EC-UF)工艺不但能够有效地减缓膜污染,而且还极大提升了出水水质.增加电流密度,以及在pH中性水质条件下,EC-UF工艺中膜通量保持更高.j=20 A·m~(-2)、初始pH=7、初始电导率=1 000μS·cm~(-1),EC-UF工艺对水中的腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)去除率为97%,平衡阶段归一化通量J/J0达到81%.     

Reliability data acquisition and evaluation in process plants

Based on the practical experience of assessing reliability data in two plants of the explosives industry, the organization and scope of the data collection, the component delimitation, the procedures of quality assurance and the data evaluation for their final use in PSA studies are presented. An example is given for the type of detection and repair, etc. The mathematical background for evaluating observed component lifetimes is discussed. Both frequentist and Bayesian methods are addressed. The resulting failure rate distributions and their approximations by log-normal distributions for several key components are presented. They were obtained using a Bayesian approach with a non-informative prior. Remarks on uncertainty, their treatment and a proposal for transferring data to plants other than the ones investigated conclude the presentation.     

聚酰胺复合纳滤膜的制备及除盐研究

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,分别采用1,6-己二胺、邻苯二胺和哌嗪为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯（TMC）为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了纳滤膜。通过过膜试验,比较了三种配方制得纳滤膜的水通量和脱盐效率;并对纳滤膜功能层聚哌嗪均苯三甲酰胺进行深入研究,探讨了哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应的最佳胺氯比。实验结果表明,哌嗪与TMC界面聚合反应制得的纳滤膜性能优于其他两种配方,并且当两者的胺氯比约为10∶1时,所制得的复合膜具有最佳脱盐效果。     

鼎湖山降水有机酸的变化特征及影响因素分析

针对2009年3月至2010年2月于鼎湖山采集的大气湿沉降进行分析,旨在了解鼎湖山森林生态系统有机酸湿沉降变化特征及其影响因素.结果表明,研究期间鼎湖山甲酸、乙酸和乙二酸的当量平均浓度分别为4.12μeq.L-1、3.39μeq.L-1、2.51μeq.L-1,分别占已测定有机酸的41.1%、33.9%和25.0%;有...     

珠江三角洲四种森林类型土壤CO_2通量特征研究

采用开路式土壤CO2通量测量系统Li-8100＆Li-8150对珠江三角洲地区尾叶桉（Eucalyptus urophylla）人工林、乡土树种恢复林、针阔叶混交林和常绿阔叶林4种林型的土壤CO2通量进行了观测。结果表明：4种森林类型年均土壤CO2通量为尾叶桉人工林（3.35μmol.m-2.s-1）〉针阔叶混交林（2.66μmol.m-2.s-1）〉乡土树种恢复林（2.09μmol.m-2.s-1）〉常绿阔叶林（1.86μmol.m-2.s-1）;旱季土壤CO2通量明显小于雨季。前3种森林类型凋落物呼吸处理表明,旱季对照组土壤CO2通量均小于相应的去除凋落物组、雨季则相反,全年的对比结果显示,3种森林类型的凋落物呼吸贡献分别达到1.3%、7.1%和10.8%。土壤CO2通量与10 cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,且土壤CO2通量温度敏感指数表现为针阔叶混交林Q10最大（3.49）,尾叶桉人工林Q10最小（1.95）。     

Evaluation of oxygen transfer parameters of fine-bubble aeration system in plug flow aeration tank of wastewater treatment plant

Knowledge of the oxygen mass transfer of aerators under operational conditions in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is meaningful for the optimization of WWTP, however, scarce to best of our knowledge. Through analyzing a plug flow aeration tank in the Lucun WWTP, in Wuxi, China, the oxygenation capacity of fine-bubble aerators under process conditions have been measured in- situ using the off-gas method and the non-steady-state method. The off-gas method demonstrated that the aerators in different corridors in the aeration tank of WWTP had significantly different oxygen transfer performance; furthermore, the aerators in the same corridor shared almost equal oxygen transfer performance over the course of a day. Results measured by the two methods showed that the oxygen transfer performance of fine-bubble aerators in the aeration tank decreased dramatically compared with that in the clean water. The loss of oxygen transfer coefficient was over 50% under low-aeration conditions (aeration amount < 0.67 Nm 3 /hr). However, as the aeration amount reached 0.96 Nm 3 /hr, the discrepancy of oxygen transfer between the process condition and clean water was negligible. The analysis also indicated that the non-steady-state and off-gas methods resulted in comparable estimates of oxygen transfer parameters for the aerators under process conditions.