基于矩形巷道应力特征点的空间数据分析

为得出矩形巷道围岩应力空间分布特征,将复变函数理论推导得出的曲线坐标应力分量转换为巷道所在平面的直角坐标应力分量,采用Matlab软件对巷道应力特征点的空间数据进行分析,得出了巷道围岩应力场分布直观图。并考虑了侧压系数、高宽比及巷道断面尺寸等对围岩应力场的影响,结果表明,应力峰值随侧压系数的增大而增大。应力峰值出现在矩形巷道的四角上,与侧压系数、高宽比、巷道断面面积无关。侧压系数大于1时,顶底板水平应力和最大主应力均随侧压系数增大而增大,两帮垂直应力随侧压系数增大而减小;垂直应力峰值、两帮垂直应力随高宽比增加而减小,顶底板的水平应力和最大主应力随高宽比增加而增加。围岩应力变化规律与巷道断面面积无关。     

Positive and Negative Effects of a Threatened Parrotfish on Reef Ecosystems

Species that are strong interactors play disproportionately important roles in the dynamics of natural ecosystems. It has been proposed that their presence is necessary for positively shaping the structure and functioning of ecosystems. We evaluated this hypothesis using the case of the world's largest parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum), a globally imperiled species. We used direct observation, animal tracking, and computer simulations to examine the diverse routes through which B. muricatum affects the diversity, dispersal, relative abundance, and survival of the corals that comprise the foundation of reef ecosystems. Our results suggest that this species can influence reef building corals in both positive and negative ways. Field observation and simulation outputs indicated that B. muricatum reduced the abundance of macroalgae that can outcompete corals, but they also feed directly on corals, decreasing coral abundance, diversity, and colony size. B. muricatum appeared to facilitate coral advancement by mechanically dispersing coral fragments and opening up bare space for coral settlement, but they also damaged adult corals and remobilized a large volume of potentially stressful carbonate sediment. The impacts this species has on reefs appears to be regulated in part by its abundance—the effects of B. muricatum were more intense in simulation scenarios populated with high densities of these fish. Observations conducted in regions with high and low predator (e.g., sharks) abundance generated results that are consistent with the hypothesis that these predators of B. muricatum may play a role in governing their abundance; thus, predation may modulate the intensity of the effects they have on reef dynamics. Overall our results illustrate that functionally unique and threatened species may not have universally positive impacts on ecosystems and that it may be necessary for environmental managers to consider the diverse effects of such species and the forces that mediate the strength of their influence. Efectos Positivos y Negativos de un Pez Loro Amenazado Sobre Ecosistemas Arrecifales     

千岛湖配水工程的环境成本估算——基于调水区支付意愿调查

由于水资源分布不均、水污染日趋严重,调水工程已不仅用以解决城市资源型缺水,也成为一些地区缓解水质型缺水问题的途径,但是这些耗资巨大的调水工程往往对周围自然生态环境可能产生巨大影响,可能带来的环境成本不容忽视。以千岛湖配水工程为例,通过在调水地进行实地调研和问卷调查,运用Tobit模型分析影响居民支付意愿的因素,基于意愿调查法(CVM)分析了建德市人民对千岛湖配水工程的生态环境影响的支付意愿,并以此估算该工程的环境成本。结果表明,调水地居民对恢复和改善可能破坏的生态环境的平均支付意愿约为每人每年377.6～542.1元,按照年配水量9.78亿 m³可以计算每吨水的环境成本约为0.15～0.21元。由此估算,工程期内千岛湖配水工程可能造成的环境成本总计约为5.80～8.28亿元,高于2014年公布的《杭州市第二水源千岛湖配水工程环境影响报告书》(下文简称《报告书》)中对该工程的环境经济影响评价3.70亿元。千岛湖配水工程的环境成本不容忽视,必须建立科学的生态补偿机制,加强监管;同时受水地也应积极加强污染治理和节约用水,共同解决城市水质型缺水问题。     

基于RBF和PSO的双喉道气动矢量喷管优化设计

本文探索了一种能多变量综合优化的方法,即对喷管进行参数化设计后,用均匀试验设计(UED)将试验样本均匀散布在设计区间内,求出各性能参数后,利用径向基神经网络(RBF)对试验样本进行拟合,再用粒子群算法(PSO)对训练好的神经网络进行寻优,找出了更好的双喉道气动矢量喷管设计参数组合。数值模拟结果显示,优化后的双喉道气动矢量喷管的矢量角有了明显提高。试验表明这种优化方法具有很好的优化能力,可以用来对喷管几何外形进行参数优化。      

Palladium-phosphinous acid complexes catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid in water/alcoholic solvents

Highly active, air-stable and water-soluble palladium-phosphinous acid complexes have been applied to Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides under mild conditions in water/alcoholic solvents. Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of heteroaryl bromides with phenylboronic acid occurred efficiently using palladium phosphinous acid complexes (POPd) and phase transfer catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide and polyethylene glycol) in water/ethanol mixture, water/propanol mixture and neat water respectively, the corresponding yields of cross-coupling heteroaryl-aryls were satisfied. The tert-butyl substituted ligand di-tert-butylphosphino in combination with POPd was found to be more active than the same family derived catalysts dipalladium complexes POPd1 and POPd2, and other two kinds of Pd-catalysts Pd(PPh₃)₄ and Pd₂(dba)₃. The mechanism of Suzuki cross-coupling reaction between heteroaryl bromides and phenylboronic acid in water was proposed with respect to the key role of phase transfer catalyst on the transmetallation step. Compared with other solid phase transfer catalysts, TBAB was tested as the ideal one. The alkalinity of base and the molar proportion between POPd and TBAB were investigated in water and alcoholic solvents. Notably, in the presence of TBAB adding alcoholic solvents into water enhanced the yields of target products. However in terms of the liquid phase transfer catalyst of PEGs, mixing water into PEGs could slightly decrease the yields with respect to the water free PEGs bulk phase, which was probably due to the homogenous liquid conditions in pure PEGs and weak interactions between PEGs and heteroaryl bromide molecules in water depending on their molecular chain lengths.     

Water quality evaluation of Haihe River with fuzzy similarity measure methods

Fuzzy similarity measures, which are used to judge the closeness of two fuzzy sets, are presented to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River. Based on the membership functions and coefficient of variation as the weights, four fuzzy similarity measures （including Lattice similarity measure, Hamming similarity measure, Euclidean similarity measure and the max-min similarity measure） are used to classify the 299 samples into the proper water quality standard ranks. The results are compared with the traditional distance discriminant methods. The calculation of two traditional distance discriminant methods （both Euclidean distance and absolute value distance） is also based on the use of coefficients of variation as the weights. Without the Lattice similarity measure, for this method loses some information, the correct assignment of samples classified into the same water quality ranks is 75.92% with the other three similarity measures and two distance discriminant methods. This result shows the reliability of the five methods. Only considering the three similarity measures, there were only 1.01% of the samples that did not classify to the same ranks, while the corresponding ratio of the two distance discriminant methods was 5.69%. The results of leave-one-out cross validation show that more than 88% of the samples are classified to the proper ranks, which demonstrates that the similarity measures are suitable to evaluate the water quality of the Haihe River.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type macrocrystalline silicon (µc-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type μc-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 μm) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.     

攀钢西昌钢钒有限公司环保信息化建设探索

攀钢集团公司2009年在凉山州西昌市投资建设了攀钢西昌钒钛资源综合利用项目,成立了攀钢西昌钢钒有限公司。项目组成之一的信息化系统建设中,能源环保系统作为一子系统同步配套建设。介绍了能源环保子系统中环保信息化系统设计架构、功能、技术路线等,可作为环保信息化系统设计的借鉴和参考。     

叶尔羌河流域平原区地下水污染风险评价

地下水污染风险评价是管理地下水资源和预防地下水污染的有效方法,采用DRSTIW模型对叶尔羌河流域平原区地下水脆弱性进行评价;采用因子分析对污染源解析量化,进行地下水污染负荷评价;采用兼顾开采价值和原位价值来估算地下水功能价值.采用熵权法和层次分析法确定综合权重,基于ArcGIS加权叠加功能生成地下水污染风险图.结果表明,研究区地下水脆弱性整体较高,地下水污染负荷和地下水功能价值整体较低,地下水污染风险整体偏低,高污染风险和较高污染风险区占研究区总面积的20.7%,主要分布在莎车县、泽普县、麦盖提县、图木舒克市和巴楚县西部等区域,含水层渗透能力强、地下水径流条件弱、地下水补给量模数大、植被覆盖率低和水岩相互作用强等自然条件加之频繁的人类活动如农业化肥的施用和工业、生活污水的排放等使得这些区域地下水污染风险较高.地下水污染风险评价为地下水监测网络的优化和地下水污染防治提供有力的数据支撑.