地震灾害下城市供水网络韧性评估及优化研究

为提升城市供水网络应对地震灾害的能力,基于性能响应函数(PRF)方法,引入基础设施网络均衡理论,设计综合考虑城市供水网络物理状态和输送能力的性能时程响应函数,构建贯穿结构和功能双维度的地震灾害下城市供水网络韧性评估方法;从灾害概率、灾害后果、恢复速度、恢复程度等4个关键因素出发,提出城市供水网络网状扩张、管道延性改造、增加恢复资源和提升恢复储备等韧性优化策略;以我国华东某市供水网络为例,定量评估不同优化策略下的韧性提升效果,提出不同决策场景下恢复资源r和恢复储备b的优化配置方法。结果表明:管网延性改造是提升供水网络韧性的有效措施,网状扩张能提升供水网络性能,但对韧性提升无明显作用,网状扩张后要注意增加网络恢复资源和恢复储备。     

地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型实验研究-(4)换乘通道火灾*

为了研究地铁多线换乘车站换乘通道的火灾烟气扩散规律,利用1∶10的地铁多线换乘车站火灾模型装置,在换乘通道内开展多种情景下的火灾实验,对顶棚温度、烟气扩散范围等进行分析,比较不同防烟分区通风联动模式的烟气控制效果。结果表明:自然通风条件下,通道内的烟气受到“L”型的建筑结构影响,在通道的转角附近区域发生蓄积,产生局部温升较大;综合考虑两侧站厅内的烟气温度分布情况,当靠近大站厅（站厅A+B）一端和转角处起火时,采用站厅A+B送风、站厅C排烟的联动模式具有较优的烟气控制效果;当靠近小站厅（站厅C）一端起火时,站厅A+B的通风对站厅C内的气流组织形式影响小,开启站厅C内风机进行排烟能够更好地控制烟气的扩散。实验结果可以为通道换乘式车站的烟气防排烟方案提供数据支持。     

体育馆应急医疗功能转换的可行性评估*

为高效实现体育馆建筑的应急医疗功能转换,建立城市应急医疗体系,在探讨相关案例和体育馆建筑特点的基础上,提出在规划选址、室外空间、主体建筑、基础设施、应急响应能力5个方面建立体育馆应急医疗功能转换的可行性评估指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定各级指标的权重。以某市体育中心为例验证评估指标的合理性。结果表明:该评估指标体系能够合理反映城市体育馆应急医疗功能的差异,具有实用性和可操作性。     

Thermal effects of a sonic jet fire impingement on a pipe

Although the effects of jet fires are often limited to rather short distances, if their flames impinge on a pipe or a vessel collapse can occur in very short times. In such cases, the heat flux on the affected equipment is very high and wall temperature can increase very rapidly. This can happen in parallel pipelines, if a release occurs and impinges on another one. Nevertheless, jet fire impingement has been scarcely studied. In this communication the results obtained from an experimental set-up are presented. Sonic jet fires impinged on a pipe containing stagnant air or water. The temperatures of the flames impinging on it were measured for the worst case (flame front-bright zone), as well as the evolution with time of the pipe wall temperature at different locations. Initial temperature increases up to around twenty °C/s were registered for the air inside, with maximum values of up to 600 °C reached in 2.5 min, and 800 °C in approximately 9 min. In the case of pipe containing water, in the zone of the wall in contact with the liquid the heating rates were much lower, the maximum temperature reached being up to approximately 150 °C. From the temperatures of the jet flames and of the pipe, the heat fluxes reaching the pipe and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The results obtained emphasized that safe distances are essential in pipelines, together with fire proofing and other safety measures.     

基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法研究*

为弥补事故分析法在道路危险品运输事故致因研究方面的缺失,解决传统事故分析方法分析结果不全面、防控措施不具体且针对性较差的问题,引入半定量功能共振事故模型（FRAM）,通过定量化功能上下游耦合变异性,阐述事故发生机理同时,找到系统关键功能和关键链路,制定防控措施重点监控。结果表明:基于半定量的FRAM道路危险品运输事故分析方法能够更快、更准确地找出事故发生的关键功能和关键链路,制定针对性防控措施,有效提高道路危险品运输系统安全性。研究结果可为道路事故分析提供参考。     

US/FeEDTA/H2O2协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水研究

采用US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系协同降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水.探讨了初始pH值、H2O2质量浓度、FeEDTA质量浓度、超声波功率以及壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的初始质量浓度对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解效果的影响及FeEDTA/H2O2和超声波之间的协同效应.结果表明,US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系降解壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚废水时产生较强的协同作用,而不是简单的几何叠加.US/FeEDTA/H2O2体系对壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的去除率比超声波与FeEDTA/H2O2体系的几何叠加的去除率高出约60%.在pH=9、H2O2质量浓度250 kg/L、FeEDTA质量浓度100 mg/L、超声波功率600 W的条件下,对初始质量浓度为100 mg/L的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚溶液降解2 h,其去除率在99%以上.     

西安市冬季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的分布特征

对西安市不同功能区大气颗粒物中13种优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究表明,西安市冬季大气颗粒物中PAHs污染严重,各采样点13种PAHs总浓度(∑PAHs)为121.61～302.25 ng/m3,平均浓度为188.44 ng/m3,其中强致癌的苯并[a]芘(BaP)平均浓度为12.63 ng/m3;不同功能区大气颗粒物中PAHs和BaP的浓度分布存在明显差异,∑PAHs浓度依次为:交通繁忙区＞学生公寓(燃煤排放明显)＞农业开发区＞高新产业开发区＞商业区＞校园,BaP浓度:交通稠密区＞农业开发区＞环工学院(学校教师的停车场)＞商业区＞学生公寓＞高新产业开发区;不同功能区大气颗粒物中,中高环PAHs含量占优势,不同环数PAHs占总量的比例顺序为4环(38.64%)＞5环(25.17%)＞6环(18.83%)＞3环(10.25%).     

基于马尔萨斯模型对钢铁企业伤害事故与工龄指数之间规律的研究

为了验证在钢铁企业中人的失效过程同服役年限有某种规律性的联系,采用马尔萨斯模型对人的服役年限--工龄与伤害事故频数之间的规律性进行机理推证.在对典型钢铁企业40年间工伤事故数据库中的1 465起伤害事故进行统计分析、建立回归模型后,结论显示伤害事故频数y与受害人员的本工种工龄x存在显著指数相关关系:y=167.13e0.012x、相关系数R=0.93,证实了马尔萨斯模型应用于"工龄-伤害事故频数"指数规律的准确性.改进后的指数规律模型对实际钢铁企业安全管理工作有着重要的研究价值和指导意义,且可以在其他领域中进行探索和推广.     

Floral odor learning within the hive affects honeybees’ foraging decisions

Honeybees learn odor cues quickly and efficiently when visiting rewarding flowers. Memorization of these cues facilitates the localization and recognition of food sources during foraging flights. Bees can also use information gained inside the hive during social interactions with successful foragers. An important information cue that can be learned during these interactions is food odor. However, little is known about how floral odors learned in the hive affect later decisions of foragers in the field. We studied the effect of food scent on foraging preferences when this learning is acquired directly inside the hive. By using in-hive feeders that were removed 24 h before the test, we showed that foragers use the odor information acquired during a 3-day stimulation period with a scented solution during a food-choice situation outside the nest. This bias in food preference is maintained even 24 h after the replacement of all the hive combs. Thus, without being previously collected outside by foragers, food odors learned within the hive can be used during short-range foraging flights. Moreover, correct landings at a dual-choice device after replacing the storing combs suggests that long-term memories formed within the colony can be retrieved while bees search for food in the field.     

Positive long-term effect of mulching on species and functional trait diversity in a nutrient-poor mountain meadow in Central Europe

Oligotrophic mountain meadows are threatened biodiversity hotspots throughout Europe. The traditional summer hay-making followed by autumn grazing is no longer economic and question is whether alternative managements can maintain both plant species and functional diversity typical of these habitats. In the Bohemian Forest Mts., we applied three treatments (mowing once a year - i.e., cutting and removing the biomass, mulching once a year - cutting and leaving the crushed biomass to decompose in situ, fallowing - no cutting) in order to assess temporal changes in meadow vegetation, plant trait composition and biomass production in a 13-year experiment. We recorded for each species twenty-five traits as to be most informative of plant strategies related to growth, resource acquisition and carbon-water economy. We compared different components of trait composition (community averages that mostly reflect traits of dominant species vs. the Rao index of functional diversity that reflects trait dissimilarity among species) and their impact on biomass production. We show that mulching promotes species and functional diversity by facilitating heliophilous forbs and legumes with more acquisitive strategies in resource use and release, e.g., higher foliar N and P content. This occurs at the expense of tall grasses (with resource-retentive strategies, e.g., high leaf dry matter content) which dominate the mown and fallow plots. The divergence in most quantitative traits indicates that niche complementarity is the dominant assembly process in mulched plots, which can prevent competitive exclusion and enable species coexistence. The divergent development was detected only after 5-6 years. This slow floristic and functional response is caused by acidity of soil and severe mountain climate that preclude rapid responses of vegetation to land-use changes. We conclude that mulching represents a good compromise maintaining both plant species and functional diversity as well as a relatively high biomass production. Mowing without grazing leads to gradual nutrient loss and thus reduces the productivity and diversity in these oligotrophic ecosystems. Fallowing causes gradual loss in diversity by increased grass competition and litter accumulation.