地铁“T”形换乘车站通道火灾通风模式数值模拟研究

为研究地铁“T”形换乘车站通道火灾时站厅不同防烟分区通风系统联动模式的烟气控制效果,采用火灾动力学软件FDS构建了换乘通道内乘客行李火灾场景,对起火通道、两侧站厅通风系统和防火门不同联动模式下的顶棚烟气温度、人眼高度及危险高度的CO浓度和能见度进行计算模拟。结果表明:关闭起火通道防火门能够将烟气控制在局部区域,但会加快通道内CO浓度上升和能见度下降的速度;各防烟分区通风系统均执行排烟动作虽然会导致烟气向两侧站厅蔓延,但危险高度的能见度始终在安全逃生的最低限值以上;烟气扩散至补风防烟分区时,新鲜空气与烟气的掺混将加快烟气沉降速度,不利于人员疏散和应急救援。     

荒地的概念、分类及其生态功能解析

随着我国对生态环境保护日益重视,荒地作为生态用地的一种重要类型,其保护与开发已成为重要的研究课题。论文在梳理国内外荒地概念、厘清荒地与相关概念的关系以及系统分析中国、美国、印度土地分类的基础上,重新定义了我国荒地的概念,并针对我国国情将荒地划分为三种类型：荒野地、未利用地和废弃地。论文还首次提出荒地具有防风固沙、保育土壤、固碳释氧、涵养水源、保育生物多样性等多种生态功能的理念,这对我国荒地以及生态用地的开发与保护有重要意义。最后提出建议在我国现行土地分类体系中直接增列一类“生态用地”,包括林地、草地、荒地、水域、滩涂等;在未来开发与保护荒地过程中,从观念上重视荒地的价值,建立荒地产权制度,编制自然资源资产负债表,加强对荒地的分类保护与开发。     

苦草对水-底泥-沉水植物系统中氮素迁移转化的影响

通过模拟水-底泥-沉水植物(苦草)系统,检测了苦草整个生命周期内总氮及各形态氮含量的变化,以反映N在该系统内的迁移转换.结果表明,在整个研究阶段,空白组和苦草组系统氮含量(水体+底泥+苦草中氮含量)均持续降低,但苦草组(实验始末)氮含量降低幅度明显高于空白组,其中苦草组系统中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N含量分别减少了41.68%、81.96%、93.34%,分别比空白组提高了11.39%、31.90%、0.28%;苦草组底泥中TN、NH4+-N、NO3--N含量分别减少了43.45%、87.41%、96.50%,分别比空白组提高了13.78%、37.26%、1.68%.苦草的存在促进了底泥氮的释放,显著提升了底泥微生物活性及氮循环菌的数量,从而加快了系统内的氮素循环,并在其生命周期的不同阶段明显改变各形态氮的迁移及转化方式.2012年7~10月,苦草组系统总氮(TN)减少幅度最大,到10月份,水体中氮素含量达到最少.     

基于公平与效率双重视角的中国农业碳减排潜力分析

科学估算减排潜力是实施减排责任分摊的基础。论文将环境因素纳入到经济生产体系,构建含有期望产出与非期望产出的农业经济核算框架,借助方向距离函数方法,对2000-2011 年中国31 个省(市、区)的农业碳边际减排成本进行估算。在此基础上,利用人均农业碳排放、人均农业生产总值、农业碳排放强度与农业碳排放影子价格4 个指标,构建农业碳减排潜力指数,基于公平与效率双重视角,对各省区农业碳减排潜力水平进行评估与分析。结果显示:① 农业减排成本地区差异较大。其中,海南、福建、山东、辽宁、广东、北京、天津等省区减排成本较高,其年均农业碳排放影子价格居于全国前列,最高值达2.542×10⁸元/10⁴ t;而西藏、青海两地农业碳排放影子价格最低,分别为0.105×10⁸元/10⁴ t 和0.542×10⁸元/10⁴ t,农业减排成本较低。② 基于农业碳减排的公平性与效率性差异,将中国大陆31 个省级行政区域划分为四大类:西藏等1 省2 区属于“高效较公平”型地区;甘肃1 省1 区属于“高效欠公平”型地区;辽宁等8省2 区属于“低效较公平”型地区;北京等12 省4 市属于“低效欠公平”型地区。③ 西藏、海南、青海、内蒙古四地农业碳减排潜力指数在三种情景下均排名前四,北京、黑龙江、山西三地均排名最后。④ 决策者对于公平原则与效率原则的不同偏好会导致各省区减排责任分摊机制不同。     

民用核能利用公众参与的权利表达和立法完善

涉核邻避事件表明,民用核能利用决策中公众参与的法律供给并不能有效满足现实的权利需求。民用核能利用公众参与权利分解为知情权、参与权和监督权,发挥着认知、沟通、认同、示助的功能,但也存在公众知识与能力有限、自利动机等局限性。本文认为,应理性对待公众参与权利,以防出现公众参与的效力过高或过低的情形。现行法中,我国民用核能利用公众参与呈现形式化保护到权利性保护的立法趋势,但权利内容并未达到完整表达,权利的实现途径和效力平衡的规定并不充分。因此,建议全面确立公众知情权;增强公众参与权的权能,包括保障公众的程序进入权、意见表达权,构建公众获得回应权和合理意见获得采纳权的保障机制;拓补公众监督权。     

Examining the relationship between ecosystem structure and function using structural equation modelling: A case study examining denitrification potential in restored wetland soils

An ongoing debate in ecology is the relationship between community or ecosystem structure and function. This relationship is particularly important in restored ecosystems because it is often assumed that restoring ecosystem structure will restore ecosystem functioning, but this assumption is frequently not tested. In this study, we used a novel application of structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationship between ecosystem structure and function. To exemplify how to apply SEM to explore this relationship, we used a case study examining soil controls on denitrification potential (DNP) in two restored wetlands. Our objectives were to examine (1) whether both restored wetland soil ecosystems had similar relationships among soils variables (i.e. similar soil ecosystem structure) and (2) whether the soil variables driving denitrification potential (DNP) were similar at both sites (i.e. the soil ecosystems were functioning in a similar manner). Using the unique ability of SEM to test model structure, we proposed a SEM to represent the soil ecosystem and tested this structure with field data. We determined that the same model structure was supported by data from both systems suggesting that the two restored wetland systems had similar soil ecosystem structure. To test whether both ecosystems were functioning in a similar way, we examined the parameters of each model. We determined that the drivers of DNP function were not the same at both sites. Higher soil organic matter was the most important predictor of higher DNP at both sites. However, the other significant relationships among soils variables were different at each system indicating that the soils were not functioning in exactly the same way at each site. Overall, these results suggest that the restoration of ecosystem structure may not necessarily ensure the restoration of ecosystem functioning. In this study we capitalize on an inherent feature of SEM, the ability to test model structure, to test a fundamental ecological question. This novel approach is widely applicable to other systems and improves our understanding of the general relationship between ecosystem structure and function.     

A simulation model to evaluate the impacts of invasive earthworms on soil carbon dynamics

Recent studies have reported that earthworm invasions alter native communities and impact nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a simulation model to evaluate the potential impacts of earthworm invasions on carbon dynamics, taking into consideration earthworm feeding strategies and priming effects on the microorganisms through their casting activities. Responses of carbon stocks (forest litter, soil organic matter, microbial biomass and earthworm populations) and carbon fluxes (litter decomposition, earthworm consumption, and microbial respiration) were used to evaluate an earthworm invasion of a forest ecosystem. Data from a northern temperate forest (Arnot Forest, New York) were adapted for model calibration and evaluation. Simulation results suggest that the impact and outcome of earthworm invasions are affected by pre-invasion resource availability (litter and soil organic matter), invasive earthworm assemblages (particularly feeding strategy), and invasion history (associated with earthworm population dynamics). The abovementioned factors may also determine invasion progress of earthworm species. The accuracy of the model could be improved by the addition of environmental modules (e.g., soil water regimes), precise parameters accounting for individual species attributes under different environmental conditions (e.g. utilization ability of different types of food resources), as well as earthworm population dynamics (size and structure) and interactions with predators and other invasive/indigenous species during the invasion progress. Such an earthworm invasion model could provide valuable evaluation of the complicated responses of carbon dynamics to earthworm invasions in a range of forest ecosystems, particularly under global change scenarios.     

官司河流域防护林景观结构及生态功能研究

利用2005年度的IKONOS4卫片解译数据和2007年度小班调查资料,结合样地调查资料以及四川省林业科学研究院森林生态效益定位站（四川绵阳新桥）径流场的有关数据,对绵阳官司河流域的防护林体系景观结构及生态功能进行了分析。结果表明：该区域防护林景观中,以松柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）面积最大,占27．37％,其次是马尾松纯林（Pinus massoniana forest）,占25．41％。栎柏混交林（Mixed Quercus-Cupressus forest）最少,只占0．96％。纯林面积明显大于混交林,前者比后者大45．31％。栎柏混交林、松柏栎混交林（Mixed Pinus-Cupressus—Quercus forest）最大斑块指数（LPI）、边缘密度（ED）和斑块密度（PD）较小,分布较为破碎。而马尾松纯林、松柏混交林和柏木纯林（Cupressus forest）分布较为集中。桤柏混交林（Mixed Alnus—Cupressus forest）和松柏混交林的散布与并列指数（IJI）较大,其空间关系较为复杂。栎柏混交林、柏木纯林的聚集度（A1）较小,斑块分散度大,连接睦较差;而桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的分散度较大,连接性较好。桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的形状指数（LSI）较小,形状分布较规则,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林的形状指数较大,形状较复杂。从不同景观类型林下灌草层的生物多样性指数可知,松柏混交林、栎柏混交林的灌草多样性指数均较大,而马尾松纯林、柏木纯林则较小。从保持水土功能来看：桤柏混交林、松柏混交林的水土保持效果优于柏木纯林、马尾松纯林,桤柏混交林的水土保持效果优于松柏混交林。因此,对长江防护林进行空间结构调整,应多采用混交林模式,针阔混交林代替针针混交,乔灌草结合,调整合理的密度,使防护林景观的生态功能更好地发挥。     

桐庐生态公益林主要森林类型土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价

以浙江省桐庐县生态公益林定位监测站为依托,研究了该区域不同森林类型土壤的抗水蚀功能。对比无林地,各森林类型的土壤均有较好的抗水蚀功能。选取土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度、水稳性指数、团聚度、分散率、〉0.25水稳性团聚体含量、有机质含量为评价指标,以优劣解距离法为基础,构建了土壤抗水蚀功能综合评价方法。结合实测数据,对研究区各样地土壤的抗水蚀功能进行评价。结果表明：土壤抗水蚀功能为青冈林（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）〉杉木林（Cunninghamia Lanceolata）〉香樟林（Cinnamomum camphora）〉毛竹林（Phyllostachys heterocycla）〉马尾松林（Pinus massoniana）〉板栗林（Castanea mollissima）〉无林地;其中青冈林土壤的抗水蚀功能属较强等级,香樟林、杉木林、马尾松林、毛竹林、板栗林属中等等级,无林地属较弱等级。     

景观规划与管理及其相关领域研究的新进展

景观规划与管理是景观生态学应用研究的热点,是以景观异质性和景观功能的定量研究为基础,以3S和模型模拟方法为技术支撑的综合性应用领域,它是沟通景观生态学理论研究和实践运用的桥梁。景观规划与管理和景观结构、景观功能与景观动态以及景观尺度、景观过程及景观格局等具有密切的联系,上述方面的相关理论与方法,共同支撑着景观规划与管理的客观实践。景观异质性是景观规划与管理的重要理论基础,景观功能是景观规划与管理的现实目标,景观生态研究方法是景观规划与景观管理的技术保障。20世纪90年代以来,随着学科的交叉与融合,景观规划与管理领域取得了一系列新进展,主要表现在理论、方法和应用方面的研究愈加广泛和深入,景观规划与管理方式也越来越智能化与人性化;景观规划管理的发展也在一定程度上推动了景观异质性、景观功能和景观研究方法的发展。目前,相关学科方法和技术的交叉融合成为研究景观规划与管理的重要趋势,3S和模型交叉融合促进景观规划与管理方法向着多元化、数字化和可视化发展。随着景观规划管理现实应用领域的拓展,景观异质性和景观功能在理论、方法、应用方面的研究进一步深化。