二龙湖表层水体有色溶解有机物的光学特性及来源

CDOM（colored dissolved organic material,有色溶解有机物）的光学特性可反映水体中内源物质与外源物质的比例,为了解二龙湖受到上游来水所含污染物的影响,利用荧光区域一体化技术和荧光指数分析水体中CDOM的荧光特性,进而判定水体污染状况,并结合CDOM荧光组分与水质参数之间的关系,探讨了不同季节二龙湖水体中CDOM光学特性在时空分布上的差异性以及CDOM的组成与来源.结果表明:①水相中CDOM表现出明显的季节性差异.其中,光谱斜率S_g（275~295 nm）和E_{250 nm:365 nm}〔a_CDOM（250）/a_CDOM（365）〕均表现为丰水期>平水期>枯水期,SUVA_{254 nm}表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期.②水体中的荧光组分以外源组分R3（富里酸类物质）和R5（腐殖酸类物质）为主,在枯水期、丰水期和平水期分别占总荧光强度的70.0%、60.4%和51.3%.③在丰水期、枯水期、平水期,FI_{310 nm}平均值均大于0.8,FI_{370 nm}平均值均小于1.4,表明在3个水文期,微生物活动带来的内源CDOM在二龙湖南部较为明显.④ρ（DOC）（dissolved organic carbon,溶解性有机碳）与CDOM的荧光组分R2（色氨酸类组分）、R4（可溶性微生物副产物组分）和R5（腐殖酸类组分）均具有较好的相关性,相关系数（R）分别为0.71、0.80、0.73,表明DOC主要源于微生物代谢的可溶性副产物及浮游植物的降解.研究显示:水体中CDOM主要组成为内源的色氨酸与微生物蛋白质类副产物以及外源的富里酸类与腐殖酸类有机物;同时,由于冰冻、降水、生活污水排放、农业废水和水生植物等因素,导致湖泊中的CDOM的组分与来源十分复杂.      

抗生素和纳米银对大肠杆菌耐药性的联合效应

以大肠杆菌（E.coli）为模式生物,研究了磺胺类抗生素（SAs）和纳米银（AgNPs）在单一或联合作用下对RP4质粒接合转移效应及E.coli突变效应的影响,并对联合作用方式进行了判别,基于分子对接技术和线性回归分析,探讨了两种效应的机制及其与毒性效应的关系.结果表明,在较低浓度范围内,所测12种SAs以及AgNPs在单一或联合暴露下对接合转移和突变均有促进作用,12组SAs-AgNPs混合物对接合转移频率促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为105.32%和46.96%,对突变体促进率峰值的最大值和最小值分别为1410.25%和238.38%.此外,SAs和AgNPs联合暴露对RP4质粒接合转移效应主要表现为协同作用,对E.coli突变效应主要表现为拮抗作用,且接合转移效应、突变效应与毒性效应之间具有良好的相关性.     

某电子方舱舱内热环境的模拟研究

目的以某电子方舱为研究对象,分析在现有结构条件下,空调所提供的冷量能否满足舱内电子设备正常工作要求和人员舒适要求。方法分析和研究舱内的传热问题,采用FLUENT软件,并结合κ-ε两方程紊流模型与SIMPLE算法对方舱内的热环境进行三维数值模拟。结果在保证空调送风温度和速度不变的前提下,送风角度分别为30°和0°时,都能基本保证电子设备正常工作要求和舒适性要求。当送风角度为30°时,方舱降温效果较好。结论通过分析得到方舱制冷系统设计的不足之处,并提出了改进制冷系统冷气通路的方法,对今后方舱的制冷系统设计改进具有指导意义。     

土壤冻融对溶解性有机质与菲结合的影响

以沈阳市公园土壤和道路边土壤中的溶解性有机质(DOM)为研究对象,利用荧光淬灭法测定DOM与菲的结合常数(K),考察了冷冻温度、融化温度、冷冻时间和冻融次数对其光谱学特性及其与菲的结合常数(K)的影响,并结合相关性矩阵分析K与其他参数的关系.结果表明:冻融处理条件下,K值与溶解性有机碳含量(DOC)显著负相关(p0.01),与254 nm处的紫外吸光系数(a_(254))和单位浓度DOC的254 nm的紫外吸光值(SUVA)显著正相关(p0.01).城市公园土壤DOM和城市道路边土壤DOM的K值都是3.5×10~4L·kg~(-1),经过冷冻温度、冷冻时间和冻融次数相同的冻融处理后,城市公园土壤DOM的K值始终高于城市道路边土壤DOM,这是由于冻融导致城市土壤DOM的芳香性高于城市道路边土壤DOM,而分子量小于城市道路边土壤DOM.经过冻融作用二者的K值变化范围分别为1.6×10~5～8.4×10~5L·kg~(-1)和1.5×10~5～3.7×10~5L·kg~(-1),冻融作用使二者的K值都增大一个数量级.这一方面会增强固相土壤中多环芳烃的溶出和迁移,另一方面也会降低多环芳烃的生物可利用性.     

Relating Cd2 + binding by humic acids to molecular weight: A modeling and spectroscopic study

Molecular weight(Mw) is a fundamental property of humic acids(HAs), which considerably affect the mobility and speciation of heavy metals in the environment. In this study, soil humic acid(HA) extracted from Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was ultra-filtered into four fractions according to the molecular weight, and their properties were characterized.Complexation of cadmium was investigated by titration experiments. For the first time,Langmuir and non-ideal competitive adsorption-Donna(NICA-Donnan) models combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix(EEM) quenching were employed to elucidate the binding characteristics of individual Mw fractions of HA. The results showed that the concentration of acidic functional groups decreased with increasing Mw, especially the phenolic groups. The humification degree and aliphaticity increased with increasing Mw as indicated by elemental composition analysis and FT-IR spectra. The binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions of HA followed the order UF1( 5 kDa) UF2(5–10 kDa) UF4( 30 kDa) UF3(10–30 kDa). Moreover, the distribution of cadmium speciation indicated that the phenolic groups were responsible for the variations in binding of Cd~(2+) among different Mw fractions. The results of fluorescence quenching illustrated that the binding capacity of Cd~(2+) to Mw fractions was controlled by the content of functional groups, while the binding affinity was largely influenced by structural factors. The results provide a better understanding of the roles that different HA Mw fractions play in heavy metal binding,which has important implications in the control of heavy metal migration and bio-toxicity.     

Polar organic tracers in PM2.5 aerosols from an inland background area in Southwest China: Correlations between secondary organic aerosol tracers and source apportionment

PM_(2.5) aerosol samples were collected over 12 hr and 24 hr intervals in an inland background area, Gongga Mountain National Nature Reserve(hereafter shortened to Gongga), during the summer of 2011. Polar organic tracers, inorganic ions and meteorological data were measured. The purpose of this work was to investigate the variation patterns, formation and sources of the secondary organic aerosol tracers in the studied atmosphere. The average concentrations of isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, β-caryophyllinic acid, sugars, sugar alcohols and anhydrosugars were 88.6 ± 106.1, 3.6 ± 5.7,0.13 ± 0.30, 13.6 ± 13.1, 31.9 ± 31.4 and 14.8 ± 10.7 ng/m3 respectively in all aerosol samples.The aged α-pinene second organic aerosol(SOA) tracers(i.e., 3-hydroxyglutraric acid(3 HGA), 3-hydroxy-2,2-dimethylglutaric acid(HDMGA), 3-acetylpentandioic acid(APDA) and 3-methyl-1,2,3-butanetricarboxylic acid(MBTCA)) correlated significantly with each other in the 24 hr PM2.5 aerosol samples, indicating that OH· is the major factor controlling the formation of these α-pinene SOA tracers. Using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) model and the tracer-based source apportionment method, we calculated that isoprene oxidation products, α-pinene oxidation products, sesquiterpene oxidation products, biomass burning, fungi spores and anthropogenic SOA accounted for 21.9% ± 5.5%, 8.4% ± 2.1%, 3.0% ± 0.7%, 5.2% ± 5.3%, 5.0% ± 6.2% and 31.4% ± 7.8% of organic carbon respectively during the sampling period.     

Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in different water sources

Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples taken from three water sources(two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) secondary effluent),with the purpose of identifying the major ultrafiltration(UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three fluorescent components(C1, C2 and C3) were identified,which represented terrestrially derived humic-like substances(C1), microbially derived humic-like substances(C2), and protein-like substances(C3). The correlations between the different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components(C1, C2 and C3) made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF membrane.However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes.     

中国风机制造技术转移模式与技术进步效果评价

根据技术转移过程中技术受方的性质,将中国风机制造技术转移分为"外商独资企业"、"中外合资企业"和"中资企业"三种模式.通过技术转移的层次、技术先进程度、技术转移的规模、技术转移的速度,对三种模式下技术转移的效果进行了评价.研究发现,通过技术转移,中国风机制造技术有了迅速的发展,但落后于国际先进水平的情况仍没有改变.中资企业的技术转移模式在转移技术的层次、技术转移规模和技术转移速度上,都要优于外商独资企业和中外合资企业模式,对中国风机制造技术进步的作用更大.在此基础上,本文提出,在中资企业模式下,在引进技术的同时,积极消化吸收,并重视与外国企业开展联合研发,才能最终获得创新能力.这也应当成为中国政府激励政策作用的重点.     

Living at the Edge: Local versus Positional Factors in the Long‐Term Population Dynamics of an Endangered Orchid

Abstract: Populations at the margin of geographic ranges of distribution have been considered more vulnerable than central ones, but recent reviews have caste doubt on this generalization. We examined the reproductive and demographic performance of a rare Euroasiatic orchid (Cypripedium calceolus) at its southwesterly range limit and compared our findings with those of previous studies of nine central populations at the center of the orchid's range. We sought to test the central‐marginal model and to evaluate factors involved in long‐term performance of forest Eurosiberian species with peripheral populations in southern European mountains. We characterized (structure, temporal fluctuations, herbivory, reproductive success, and recruitment at different habitats) four Pyrenean populations of C. calceolus of different sizes (5–3500 ramets) and monitored three of them for up to 13 years. Two quantitative stochastic models (count data and matrix models) were used to assess population trends and viability and the effect of herbivory. Contrary to expectations, and despite the negative effect of sporadic events of herbivory, the peripheral populations we studied (except the smallest one) performed similarly or better than populations occurring in central part of the species’ range in terms of reproductive success and population growth rates. Landscape changes over the last 50 years suggest that natural reforestation could be involved in the success of this plant at its southern limit. Forest expansion in the mountain regions of southern Europe may provide new opportunities for plants with geographic distributions centered mainly at higher latitudes and give some hope for their recovery in future scenarios dominated by biodiversity loss.     

Interactive Effects of Harvest and Deer Herbivory on the Population Dynamics of American Ginseng

Abstract:  Few demographic models for any species consider the role of multiple, interacting ecological threats. Many forest herbs are heavily browsed by white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) and a number of these are also harvested for the medicinal, floral, or horticultural trades. Previous studies of the viability of American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolius ) have separately examined the effects of harvesting and deer herbivory. We followed individually marked ginseng plants in 6 populations for 8 years and documented deer browse levels, conducted helicopter surveys to estimate the deer herd size, and documented 2 ginseng harvests. We used this long-term data set to develop a stochastic demographic model that quantified the separate and interactive role of these threats to ginseng viability. Although harvesting and deer herbivory negatively affected ginseng population growth, their effects were not additive. Deer herbivory negatively affected population growth in the absence but not in the presence of harvesting. Life table response experiments revealed that in the presence of harvesting, deer herbivory had some positive effects on vital rates because browsed plants were less apparent to harvesters. Ginseng populations that were harvested responsibly (i.e., planting seeds from harvested individuals) had higher growth rates than those that were harvested irresponsibly. We concluded that both deer populations and harvesting must be managed to ensure sustainable populations of American ginseng. Our findings underscore the importance of long-term monitoring to assess threats to viability and the need for a broad ecological understanding of the complexity of ecosystem management.