废印刷电路板的静电分选实验研究

金属与非金属材料的分离是回收利用废印刷电路板的关键环节。对废印刷电路板物料的静电分选进行了实验研究。实验以电压、辊筒转速、电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离、静电极位置、电晕电极位置、电晕电极数量等为考察因素,研究各因素对电选效果的影响规律。结果表明,影响金属与非金属材料分离的主要因素是电压、辊筒转速和电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离,对于-0.9 0.45mm的破碎物料,当电压为24kV,辊筒转速为15Hz(54.6r/min),电晕电极与辊筒之间的距离为5.2cm时,得到最大静电分选综合效率67.37%。     

基于Kaya方法的四个直辖市碳效率评价与比较

应用Kaya恒等式的计算方法对我国4个直辖市2005-2009年的碳效率进行了评价和比较分析,结果显示:4个直辖市碳效率的排序在2005-2009年间没有发生变化,4个城市的碳效率都处于上升态势。     

沿海滩涂垦殖对土壤氮总转化速率的影响分析

滩涂湿地在吸收、转化和滞留氮、磷等营养元素方面具有重要功能。选取江苏东部沿海典型滩涂区,分别对垦殖时间为0、3、6、17、30、60 a的沿海滩涂进行采样,对相应的土壤氮总转化速率指标进行实验测定。结果表明,滩涂垦殖后,表征氮素活化过程的指标,如总矿化率、总硝化率、净矿化率和净硝化率等有所增加,而有利于氮固持的铵态氮同化率指标无显著变化,硝态氮同化率指标变慢;围垦期限超过30 a后,各氮总转化速率指标渐趋稳定。相关性分析表明,净矿化率、总矿化率、铵态氮同化率、净硝化率、总硝化率与围垦年限呈显著正相关(p<0.01),相关性系数分别为0.966、0.929、0.819、0.800、0.798;硝态氮同化率与围垦年限呈显著负相关(p<0.01),相关性系数为-0.685;除铵态氮外,全氮、硝态氮、pH值、有机碳均与各氮总转化速率指标呈显著相关关系(p<0.01)。滩涂垦殖后土壤理化性质指标的改变带来土壤氮总转化速率的变化,一定程度上破坏了土壤氮生态系统平衡。     

气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区植被恢复的影响

草原区作为影响我国陆地生态系统碳水循环和生态安全的重点区域,对气候变化和人类活动极为敏感.然而,有关气候变化和人类活动对该区域植被恢复相对贡献的认识尚存分歧.以生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)为评价指标,通过对比MODIS观测的实际NPP和基于Thornthwaite Memorial模型估算的潜在NPP的趋势差异,量化了2000～2020年气候变化和人类活动对我国典型草原区(北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区)植被恢复的相对作用.结果表明,研究区内93%的草地植被呈恢复趋势,NPP平均增加速率达(以C计)2.12 g·(m²·a)^-1(P<0.01),其中,近一半植被恢复区受气候变化和人为活动共同控制,约36%和10%植被恢复区分别受气候变化和人类活动的独立控制;此外,不同草地类型气候变化主导植被恢复的面积占比差异大,主要表现为高寒草地明显高于温性草地,气候条件越干旱,气候主导面积占比越大.人类活动不是北方温性草原区和青藏高原高寒草原区植被恢复的主要原因,但在气候条件恶化地区,人类活动可降低甚至抵消气候变化对植被的负面影响.未来需加强长...     

密云水库入库河流微生物群落演替对氮素形态转化的影响

密云水库是北京市重要的地表饮用水源地,但近年来,密云水库库区及入库河流中的总氮（TN）浓度呈现连年上升的趋势.以密云水库上游典型入库河流牤牛河为例,考察各形态氮素变化的空间分布规律,并从微生物群落组成和功能预测的视角,解析氮素形态的转化,以期为密云水库的氮污染治理提供科学依据.结果表明,密云水库上游除TN外,其余水质理化指标均满足我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的Ⅱ类标准.入库河流TN浓度显著高于库区（P<0.05）,且以NO₃^--N为主,占比为77.7%~92.9%.半城子水库库区的C/N较高,有助于反硝化脱氮的发生,表现出一定自净能力.牤牛河水体和底质中微生物群落结构具有显著差异,呈现一定的空间分布特征,高NO₃^--N浓度是影响微生物群落结构演替的主要环境因子.牤牛河中存在大量硝化和反硝化功能微生物,反硝化菌相对丰度高于硝化菌,且均呈现出底质略高于水体的特点.牤牛河优势硝化菌和反硝化菌分别为Nitrosopumilus和Pseudomonas.PICRUSt2功能预测结果表明,牤牛河微生物氮代谢以NO₃^--N还原模块为主,且主要发生于水体中;硝化过程的功能基因在水体中的丰度最高,主要为narGH;而参与NO₃^--N还原反应的主要功能基因为底质中的异养反硝化菌（DNRA）所携带的nirBD,而反硝化模块的功能基因主要为nirK.     

共基质模式下铁盐脱氮反应器的运行性能及微生物学特征

铁盐作为自养反硝化电子供体时,被氧化产生的高价铁易于沉淀,使得反硝化微生物表面产生"铁壳",其抑制微生物的活性,甚至导致微生物死亡.为解决自养铁盐脱氮反应器因"铁壳"包被而导致的反应器效能下降问题,本文采用共基质模式培养铁盐脱氮反应器,即在反应器进水中适量添加少量乙酸钠,作为有机电子供体,以期实现铁盐脱氮反应器的高效、稳定运行.结果表明,添加适量有机物可使得铁盐脱氮反应器高效稳定运行,效能(以N计)达0. 51 kg·(m3·d)-1,稳定运行约30d.共基质模式下,反应器运行期间始终可以检测到异养菌.结合污泥的TEM检测结果,发现在铁盐脱氮反应器稳定运行期间,异养菌是铁盐脱氮主力军,其独特的铁盐代谢方式可有效避免铁壳形成.本项研究有效解决了铁盐脱氮过程中微生物"铁壳"包被难题,将助力于自养脱氮技术的研发及应用.     

特种纸行业水污染防治对策——以浙江省为例

以浙江省为例,深入分析特种纸行业发展现状及特点、水污染物排放控制水平和企业在执行国家现有污染物排放标准过程中存在的问题与原因。针对特种纸的特殊性,从完善造纸行业标准体系的角度,提出制定特种纸行业污染物排放标准,确定一厂一策的标准执行体系的建议;从提升产业污染控制水平及产业转型升级角度,提出按规模、分区域、分纸品确定转型重点,研究制定最佳可行技术导则,加快污染治理设施的提升改造,加强企业技改力度及提高清洁生产水平等对策与建议,以促进特种纸行业的可持续发展。     

热能（火用）平衡在芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中的实践

运用热能（火用）平衡理论于芳烃分离装置清洁生产审核中,建立了芳烃分离装置热能（火用）平衡。热能（火用）平衡测算结果表明：此芳烃分离装置的热能利用效率（实际）为61．65％、热（火用）利用效率（实际）为59．77％、热力学第一定律效率和热力学第二定律效率分别为23．93％和7．76％。依据清洁生产审核思路,对此芳烃分离装置的热能（火用）利用效率进行了原因分析并提出了预防对策,可为提出清洁生产方案提供定量化依据。     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu I: Chemical forms and their transformation

Organic phosphorus(nonreactive P,NRP)is a major component of P in sediments,but information about its chemical forms and dynamic transformation is limited.The chemical forms and dynamic behaviors of NRP in a sediment profile from Lake Taihu,a freshwater and eutrophic lake in China,were investigated.Five forms of NRP in the sediments were extracted based on a chemical fractionation technique,including easily labile NRP(NaHCO3-NRP),reactive metal oxide-bound NRP(HCl-NRP),humic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPHA),fulvic acid-associated NRP(NaOH-NRPFA)and residual NRP(Res-TP).There were notable transformations with increasing sediment depth from the labile NaHCO3-NRP and NaOH-NRP pools to the recalcitrant HCl-NRP and Res-TP pools,which caused the NRP to become increasingly recalcitrant as the early diagenetic processes proceeded.Further analyses showed that the relative changes in contents of organic matter and reactive Fe oxides in the sediment profile triggered a competition for binding NRP fractions and led to the transformation of NRP.The results highlighted the importance of abiotic processes in regulating the diagenesis of organic P and its stability in sediments.     

Modeling the current-voltage characteristics of thin-film silicon solar cells based on photo-induced electron transfer processes

Power conversion efficiency of p-i-n type microcrystalline silicon (c-Si:H) solar cells has been analyzed in terms of sequential processes of photo-induced electron transfer. The effect of the excitonic state on the charged carrier generation has been studied compared to a conventional scheme in which only charged carriers are taken into account for the operation of the solar cells. A numerical model has been developed to calculate current-voltage characteristics of solar cells on the basis of two types of charged carrier generation processes (exciton process and charged carrier process). The light trapping effect due to a textured back surface reflector (BSR) was embedded in the numerical model by using the effective medium theory in combination with the matrix method in the field of the electromagnetic theory of light. As an application of this modeling, it was found that the reported data of the power conversion efficiency were not explained by the conventional charged carrier process model and that the combined model of the charged carrier process with the exciton process well explains the performance of the p-i-n type c-Si:H solar cells. In this way, the typical power conversion efficiencies were estimated to be 10.5% for the device (i-layer thickness: 1.8 m) with the BSR (period: 600 nm; height: 250 nm) and 8.6% for the device with the flat reflector under the condition that the fractions of the exciton process and charged carrier process were 60% and 40%, respectively.