关于地区绿色距离和绿色贡献的变迁分析

全面建设小康社会必须摒弃“高消耗、高污染、低产出”的模式,树立和落实科学发展观,走绿色发展道路。该文以万元GDP能源消耗、水资源消耗、COD排放、SO2排放4个指标为基础,建立体现经济与环境协调发展的绿色距离和绿色贡献2个综合性指标,以生态省和生态市捐应指标为标准,分析了我国大陆地区各省份对应4个指标的绿色距离和绿色贡献现状。比较分析表明：经济发达地区如北京、上海、江苏、浙江等省份开始向“绿色经济”变迁;经济中游地区如辽宁、河北、湖北、安徽、吉林、黑龙江等省份则处于走出“黑色经济”发展的边缘并向“绿色经济”转化的阶段;其他地区则基本上处于“黑色经济”发展阶段,不仅绿色距离大,而且绿色贡献均小于1。     

Environmental Optimisation in Fractionating Industrial Wastes Using Contribution Margin Analysis as a Sustainable Development Tool

This paper describes a method of estimating the “true” internal costs of industrial waste, aimed at promoting environmentally friendly waste management. The study employs contribution margin analysis and a model – The Model for Efficient Use of Resources for Optimal Production Economy (EUROPE) – introduced by the author for assigning industrial costs to waste. In a business sense, waste is regarded as having the same basic status as any normal industrial product – the equality principle. Application of the method is suggested to create incentives for environmental improvement and profitability improvement in companies. Although the results of two case studies show the generation of waste to have a substantial negative impact on the final operating income, due to the internal shadow price costs it creates, this is regarded as an unavoidable consequence of the companies' acting in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

室内空气中多环芳烃(PAHs)的源及贡献率

采用因子分析及多元线性回归对杭州市室内外空气中PAHs的来源及其贡献率进行研究,求得PAHs总量与公共因子间的特征方程.结果表明,影响室内外空气中PAHs浓度的主要因子依次为烹调、卫生球的挥发、吸烟及加热、汽车尾气.在吸烟者家庭中,室内吸烟是影响室内空气中PAHs浓度的最重要的影响因子,其对室内空气中苯并(a)芘BaP的贡献率为25.8%.     

Social transmission of food handling in the context of triadic interactions between adults and young canaries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Serinus canaria</Emphasis>)

We studied the factors that enhance food recognition and consumption in young canaries when confronted with adults. In contrast to previous studies on canaries, in which social transmission of food habits was studied in the context of dyadic interactions (one juvenile–one adult), we proposed a more realistic framework in which young canaries were studied in the context of triadic interactions, free or not, with adults of both sexes. We found that during free interactions, the young bird only eats with a familiar male and that this association enhances the social transmission of seed handling. When the juvenile was separated from the adults by a transparent partition, it only learned to husk seed if it was present at the feeder at the same time as a familiar adult acting as a demonstrator. The presence of adults that are familiar but do not act as demonstrators does not facilitate social transmission of handling. However, the presence of a familiar, demonstrating female had also no effect on this transmission. Coordination of the actions of the experienced bird and of the naive subject is required for social transmission to occur. Action coordination does not depend solely on the level of familiarity between partners but also on the role played by the demonstrator (here, the adult male) that looks after the juvenile during its transition towards independence.     

Experiments on mixing and dissipation in internal solitary waves over two triangular obstacles

A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken in a stratified two-layer fluid to investigate the energetics of the interaction between an internal solitary wave (ISW) and triangular obstacles, as well as to determine the partitioning of ISW energy and its subsequent dynamics. The ISW energy was dissipated as a result of internal breaking and turbulent mixing induced by wave instability. Tests involving different combinations of triangular obstacles in various heights and intervals and ISW of different amplitudes were performed. The wave features resulting from the interaction of an ISW and double obstacles were found to differ from those of single obstacle. The incident energy of an ISW was either reflecting back from the obstacles, dissipated through turbulent mixing, or transmitted over the double obstacles. Reduction in wave energy increased as the intervals between obstacles reduced. For two obstacles in different heights, energy dissipation was greater in the case with a higher obstacle ahead of a lower one. However, the overall performance was dependent on the relative height of the obstacles, relative water depth of the upper and bottom layer, in addition to the intervals between the obstacles.     

重庆典型城区PM2.5生物标志物组分特征及源指示

于2015年10月~2016年8月在重庆大学A区采集秋冬春夏4个季节PM_2.5样品（n=77）,分析生物标志物（n-alkanes、UCM、藿烷和甾烷）组分特征,探讨季节变化和对来源的指示.结果表明,重庆沙坪坝区PM_2.5中Σn-alkanes （C₁₁~C₃₈）和UCM年均浓度分别为328.69ng/m³和2.52μg/m³,均为冬季最高,夏季最低.28n-alkanes PMF源解析识别出4个因子：化石燃料燃烧（23.45%）、化石燃料残留（29.1%）、生物质燃烧（21.35%）和高等植物蜡排放（26.1%）.UCM与可分离烷烃组分比例（U：R）为1.29~3.33.夏季U：R最低,可能是受温度和光照的驱使,微生物和植物的生命活动旺盛所致.藿烷Ts/Tm、C30αβ/C31αβ（22R）和C31αβ（22S）/（22S+22R）的年均值分别为1.15,5.26和0.59,指示以机动车尾气排放为主的高成熟度石油烃输入.甾烷C29αββ/（ααα+αββ）和C29ααα（20S）/（20S+20R）的年均值分别为0.40和0.53,主要指示高成熟度化石燃料残余物输入.PSCF分析表明,Σn-alkanes的潜在源区主要集中在四川东南部和重庆西部及其相接壤附近区域,UCM的潜在源区主要分布在四川东南部.     

2018年秋冬季长江三角洲区域PM2.5污染来源数值研究

使用WRF-Chem和WRF-FLEXPART模式定量研究了2018年秋冬季,尤其是在明显冷空气影响时的长江三角洲PM_2.5来源贡献.结果表明：2018年秋冬季长江三角洲以外的跨区域输送对长江三角洲PM_2.5的贡献占15.9%,长江三角洲内部排放贡献占84.1%,长江三角洲区域内部排放及污染相互传输的影响比长江三角洲外跨区域输送的影响更为显著.而在冷空气影响时段中,跨区域输送对长江三角洲PM_2.5的贡献率为33.1%,约为整个秋冬季长江三角洲外部跨区域平均输送贡献率的2倍,输送影响更为明显;输送对长江三角洲三省一市的贡献为46.2%~56.2%,其中跨区域输送的贡献10.2%~38.6%,也明显大于各自秋冬季的平均水平.在冷空气影响时段,长江三角洲四座重点城市（上海、合肥、南京、杭州）的污染潜在输送路径主要以中东路为主;上海、南京受到长江三角洲以外的污染潜在贡献较多,超过30%;杭州受到长江三角洲以外的污染潜在贡献较少,为16.1%.     

2015~2021年景洪市PM2.5的传输路径及潜在源区

分析2015~2021年景洪市大气污染特征,识别日均PM_2.5浓度超过国家空气质量二级标准所在月(超标月)。利用混合单粒子拉格朗日积分轨迹模型计算景洪市PM_2.5超标月的逐日72h后向轨迹,并结合景洪市PM_2.5浓度,通过聚类、潜在源区贡献因子和浓度权重轨迹因子等分析方法,识别景洪市日均PM_2.5超标月的主要传输路径和潜在源区。结果表明:景洪市2~5月为日均PM_2.5超标月;景洪市2~5月PM_2.5的传输主要来自其西向、西南和南向,且中短距离和低空传输对应高PM_2.5浓度;景洪市PM_2.5源区主要位于缅甸中部、老挝西北部和泰国北部;通过归一化处理浓度权重轨迹因子可知,景洪市2~5月PM_2.5传输的源区主要来自缅甸,贡献41%~50%,其次为泰国和老挝,分别为21%~27%和5%~12%。基于2015~2021年2~5月中南半岛火点数分布及与景洪市PM_2.5浓度相关性分析,进一步揭示影响景洪市PM_2.5的主要排放源为缅甸生物质开放燃烧。研究可为景洪市建立跨境区域联防联控措施以及未来气候变化研究提供指导。     

太原市大气PM2.5季节传输路径和潜在源分析

为了研究太原市大气PM_2.5不同季节的传输路径和污染源区,利用HYSPLIT后向轨迹模型和NCEP的GDAS全球气象要素数据,对2017~2018年不同季节太原市逐日48h气流后向轨迹进行聚类分析,同时结合小时污染物质量浓度数据,分析不同季节太原市PM_2.5的潜在源贡献因子（WPSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（WCWT）.结果表明,太原市PM_2.5的质量浓度在季节上呈现冬季（77.56μg/m³） > 秋季（69.89μg/m³） > 春季（63.78μg/m³） > 夏季（45.51μg/m³）的变化趋势.PM_2.5与SO₂、NO₂和CO之间存在明显的同源性和二次转化过程.春、秋和冬季大气传输路径主要以西和西北方向近距离、慢移速的轨迹为主,夏季以南和东方向轨迹为主.PM_2.5潜在源区季节变化明显：夏季主要受太原本地和晋中地区的影响;春、秋和冬季主要受陕西中北部、吕梁、临汾和晋中等地的影响.     

双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路雷电绕击特性研究

通过建立缩小比例为25:1的双ZBS2型酒杯塔输电线路模型,对其进行长间隙放电,研究了塔头、避雷线保护角、地面倾斜度等因素对雷击绕击率的影响。结果表明:杆塔对雷电先导具有吸引作用,雷击杆塔附近时,线路绕击率较低,从杆塔到档距中央,绕击率呈现一种先增大后减小的趋势;随着避雷线保护角由正到负变化,绕击概率随之降低;线路绕击概率随地面倾斜角增大,而呈现先增大后减小的趋势。本研究结果可指导企业输配电线路的雷电防护工作,为线路绕击防护装置的研发提供数据支持。