动态风场及交通流量下街道峡谷内污染物扩散模拟

根据现场实测数据,应用标准k-ε模型研究了动态风场及交通流量下三维街道峡谷内的污染物扩散规律,数值模拟利用CFD软件FLUENT,其中动态风场和车流量变化信息通过用户自定义编程实现.结果发现,动态风场下空气在街道内部不断经历膨胀和压缩的过程,街道峡谷内部流场形态时刻都在变化;当风速由大变小时,空气膨胀出街谷,流型呈近似椭圆形分布;当风速由小变大时,空气压缩在街谷内部,流型呈近似圆形分布.风速的不断变化引起街谷内、外大气的压缩和膨胀过程,这种过程能够改善街谷内污染物的扩散情况.背风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低17.7%;迎风面行人高度处,动态来流下的平均污染物浓度要比定常来流下低27.1%.动态环境下污染物浓度的分布和峰值由风场和车流量变化共同决定.     

黄棕壤中不同粒径组分的提取分级与表征

以去离子水为分散剂,采用连续分级法,结合使用筛分、沉降、离心及错流超滤(CFF)等技术,将60目黄棕壤提取分级为细砂粒(50~250μm)、粉粒(5~50μm)、粗黏粒(1~5μm)、细黏粒(0.1~1μm)、纳米微粒(<0.1μm)5个组分;采用激光粒度仪、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等方法对分级结果进行了表征.激光衍射粒度分析所测得各组分实际粒径分布结果与划定的粒径分级范围均很好吻合,表明按上述方法对土壤颗粒进行分级是有效、可行的.TEM观察到的纳米粒级成分呈规则球形,绝大部分颗粒粒径在20~40nm之间,有少部分大颗粒团聚体存在.     

陕—甘天然气管道工程对环境的影响及防治对策

陕—甘天然气输气管道工程地跨毛乌素沙地南缘和陇东黄土高原,生态环境十分脆弱。根据对管道沿线生态环境现状以及输气工程对沿线生态环境影响的分析和预测,工程施工期将造成沿线植被的破坏及大片沙质地表和黄土的裸露以及土体结构的改变,使管道沿线20 m范围内的土壤可蚀性指数上升2～4倍,施工区平均侵蚀模数将会由施工前的0.856万t/(km2.a)增加至3.424万t/(km2.a)。若不采取有效的预防和保护措施,必将引起管道沿线土地沙漠化的扩大和水土流失的加剧。      

玉米多胞质系线粒体数量和结构特征的比较分析

以玉米多胞质系为材料,采用透射电镜的观察方法,比较观察了１１种材料中黄化幼芽细胞的线粒体结构特征的变化．观察表明,１１种材料黄化幼芽线粒体形态及外膜、内膜、泡状嵴和基质颗粒等没有什么显著的差异,而线粒体大小和每个细胞内的线粒体数量却是明显不同的．Ｆ检验说明,线粒体大小和每个细胞线粒体数量上有极显著的差异,也即是说,１１种不同细胞质类型的材料细胞质作用和核质（基因）互作是明显的．试验还观察到线粒体、分裂现象和线粒体、淀粉粒聚集在胞间连丝附近的有趣现象．     

Cooperative breeding and immunity: a comparative study of PHA response in African birds

Cooperatively breeding birds might be expected to suffer from higher costs of parasitism than pair-breeding species because of two aspects of their ecology which should facilitate horizontal transmission and possibly select for higher parasite virulence: first, they interact regularly with more individuals than pair-breeding species, and second, these individuals are commonly close relatives that could share similar resistance alleles. This hypothesis predicts that cooperative breeders should invest relatively more in immune defence than closely related species which breed in pairs. I tested this prediction comparatively in African birds by examining the response of the immune system to the mitogenic lectin, phytoahemagglutinin (PHA response) in relation to cooperative breeding. Among 66 species, of which 18 breed cooperatively, PHA response was significantly higher in cooperatively breeding species. This association appeared not to be confounded by body size, clutch size, nest position, coloniality or similarity owing to common phylogenetic descent. These results suggest that cooperatively breeding birds may have been selected to invest more than pair-breeders in defences against parasites. If so, then additional costs of philopatry and helping behaviour might be imposed on breeders, helpers and offspring.     

精益化管理在超高压输电企业的应用探讨

在简述企业精益化管理研究的基础上,以南方电网公司基层A单位为实例,分析了超高压输电企业安全生产管理现状与精益化管理要求的差距。对应解决A单位生产经营活动流程中存在的业务运转不顺畅,岗位职责不清晰等问题,通过整合系统资源,优化建立了本单位双闭环管理的“面向设备”和“面向管理”的主业务流程体系为主要特种的输电企业精益化管理模式,并建立了与此对应的输电精益化管理信息平台。通过企业的安全生产管理工作实践检验取得成效,同时展望提出了下一步精益化管理的努力方向。     

滇池沉积物氮内源负荷特征及影响因素

研究了滇池沉积物间隙水氮浓度垂向分布特征,根据Fick扩散定律定量估算了沉积物-水界面氮扩散通量,并探讨了其影响因素.结果表明:滇池沉积物间隙水溶解性总氮(DTN)主要以氨态氮(NH4+-N)形式存在,占其总量的72.30%,其浓度随深度增加而升高;其次为溶解性有机氮(DON),占其总量的24.59%,其浓度随深度的增加先升高后降低,最后趋于稳定;硝态氮(NO3--N)所占比例较低,浓度随深度的增加而降低.滇池沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量分布范围为12.73~59.74mg/(m2·d)[均值30.18mg/(m2·d)],全湖年均氨氮释放量为3305.04t,其中草海、外海北部、东北部及南部湖区扩散通量较大,达35mg/(m2·d),全湖呈由北向南逐渐降低的空间分布特征;全湖年均DON释放量为1147.55t,其全湖分布特征与氨氮一致;NO3--N扩散通量分布范围为-2.70~0.27mg/(m2·d)[均值-0.50mg/(m2·d)],总体表现为由上覆水向沉积物扩散.与我国其他湖泊相比,滇池具有较大沉积物氮内负荷,其沉积物-水界面NH4+-N扩散通量较高,对湖泊水体氨氮浓度贡献较大,且其与沉积物总氮、有机质、可交换态氮和可交换态氨氮含量呈显著正相关,即滇池沉积物NH4+-N释放主要受其可交换态氮,特别是可交换态中氨氮含量影响;同时,滇池沉积物DON潜在释放风险也较大,且与沉积物C/N有关.     

A multi-integrated approach on toxicity effects of engineered TiO2 nanoparticles

The new properties of engineered nanoparticles drive the need for new knowledge on the safety, fate, behavior and biologic effects of these particles on organisms and ecosystems. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been used extensively for a wide range of applications, e.g, self-cleaning surface coatings, solar cells, water treatment agents, topical sunscreens. Within this scenario increased environmental exposure can be expected but data on the ecotoxicological evaluation of nanoparticles are still scarce. The main purpose of this work was the evaluation of effects of TiO₂ nanoparticles in several organisms, covering different trophic levels, using a battery of aquatic assays. Using fish as a vertebrate model organism tissue histological and ultrastructural observations and the stress enzyme activity were also studied. TiO₂ nanoparticles (Aeroxide® P25), two phase composition of anatase (65%) and rutile (35%) with an average particle size value of 27.6±11 nm were used. Results on the EC₅₀ for the tested aquatic organisms showed toxicity for the bacteria, the algae and the crustacean, being the algae the most sensitive tested organism. The aquatic plant Lemna minor showed no effect on growth. The fish Carassius auratus showed no effect on a 21 day survival test, though at a biochemical level the cytosolic Glutathione-S-Transferase total activity, in intestines, showed a general significant decrease (p<0.05) after 14 days of exposure for all tested concentrations. The presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles aggregates were observed in the intestine lumen but their internalization by intestine cells could not be confirmed.     

黄海硅的分布与收支研究

基于2012年在黄海的综合调查,对黄海水体和沉积物中溶解硅和生物硅的含量和分布及主要影响因素进行了分析,并结合历史数据建立了黄海硅收支与循环的模型.结果表明,黄海水体溶解硅和生物硅在秋季均高于春季,生物硅占活性硅的22%,陆源输入、初级生产和底界面扩散对硅的含量和分布的影响较为突出.收支表明,底界面扩散是黄海水体溶解硅的主要来源,占外部输入的48%,其次是东海的输入,占32%,河流贡献为9%,地下水贡献为6%,地表径流(非河流部分)贡献为3%,渤海贡献为1.5%,大气仅贡献0.5%;黄海水体溶解硅的支出主要是通过生物的吸收与随后的沉积埋藏和向东海的输出,其比例分别为72%和27%,黄海向渤海输出比例仅为1.0%;黄海沉积物是水体溶解硅的源,同时黄海体系还具有潜在汇的特性;黄海硅的净埋藏量约为55×109mol/a,占当年生物硅总量的7.2%,高于全球海洋的平均比值(3%),是外部输入硅总量的47%.本研究量化了黄海硅循环的主要过程,初步揭示了硅的源-汇特征以及陆地输入对近海硅收支与循环的影响.     

黄渤海氮磷营养盐的分布、收支与生态环境效应

基于在黄渤海的综合调查结果,分析了水体和沉积物间隙水中溶解无机氮（DIN）和溶解无机磷（DIP）的分布;结合历史数据构建了黄渤海DIN和DIP的收支模型,并分析了陆源输入变化对研究区域生态环境的影响.结果表明,黄渤海DIN和DIP的含量受季节、河流输入和沉积物界面扩散作用的影响,具有秋季高于春季和近岸高于离岸的时空分布特征.收支模型计算结果表明,底界面扩散是黄渤海水体DIN的主要来源,其次是大气、周边河流、地下水和东海的输入;黄渤海水体DIN的支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和反硝化.黄渤海水体DIP的来源主要是磷酸盐吸附解吸,占91%,底界面扩散和大气输入为其次,河流和地下水的输入贡献较小.DIP的支出主要是通过沉积埋藏和向东海的输出.黄渤海每年有11Gmol的氮在水体积累,并导致其浓度提高约0.6μmol/（L·a）.近些年来陆地向黄渤海输入氮的持续增加,加剧了氮营养盐的积累,导致非硅藻类浮游植物比例以及赤潮发生频率和面积显著增加,同时还提高了水体初级生产力和海洋磷的埋藏量以及加剧了磷限制的趋势,并可能威胁生态系统的稳定.