A new method for predicting vegetation distributions using decision tree analysis in a geographic information system

Decision tree analysis was used to predict the distribution of forest communities in an area on the south coast of New South Wales, Australia. The analysis was carried out using a geographical information system environmental data base of those topographic and geological variables thought to influence the distribution of vegetation and derived from cartographic sources. The resulting maps of forest communities are of a resolution sufficient to delimit individual forest stands and contain much ecological information.     

国外几次震后火灾的对比研究

震后起火是国外几次大的普遍现象。本文通过对国外几次震后火灾的对比分析,归纳总结了引发震后火灾的主要因素及震后火灾的特点。震后火灾与生命线系统的破坏有密切关系,本文从震后火灾的机理出发,提出了用事件树模型预测供气供电系统引发震后火灾的方法。     

油气火灾爆炸事故评价及防范措施

油气火灾爆炸事故对人类自身和企业所造成的危害日益受到人们的重视 ,因此 ,有必要加强对含有油气的环境进行危险评价和科学管理。笔者应用可能性分布的事故树分析法 ,对引发油气火灾爆炸事故的可能因素进行了定量分析 ,然后对油气火灾爆炸事故进行了评价 ,通过评价对存在的问题提出了相应的防范措施。     

Introduced Species and Management of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus/Austrocedrus</Emphasis> Forest

Isla Victoria (Nahuel Huapi National Park, Argentina), a large island dominated by native Nothofagus and Austrocedrus forest, has old plantations of many introduced tree species, some of which are famed invaders of native ecosystems elsewhere. There are also large populations of introduced deer and shrubs that may interact in a complex way with the introduced trees, as well as a recently arrived population of wild boar. Long-standing concern that the introduced trees will invade and transform native forest may be unwarranted, as there is little evidence of progressive invasion, even close to the plantations, despite over 50 years of opportunity. Introduced and native shrubs allow scattered introduced trees to achieve substantial size in abandoned pastures, but in almost all areas neither the trees nor the shrubs appear to be spreading beyond these sites. These shrub communities may be stable rather than successional, but the technology for restoring them to native forest is uncertain and probably currently impractical. Any attempt to remove the exotic tree seedlings and saplings from native forest would probably create the very conditions that would favor colonization by exotic plants rather than native trees, while simply clear-cutting the plantations would be unlikely to lead to regeneration of Nothofagus or Austrocedrus. The key to maintaining native forest is preventing catastrophic fire, as several introduced trees and shrubs would be favored over native dominant trees in recolonization. Deer undoubtedly interact with both native and introduced trees and shrubs, but their net effect on native forest is not yet clear, and specific management of deer beyond the current hunting by staff is unwarranted, at least if preventing tree invasion is the goal. The steep terrain and shallow soil make the recently arrived boar a grave threat to the native forest. Eradication is probably feasible and should be attempted quickly.     

The Effects of SO2 Pollutant on Forest Tree Needles at Mountainous Land around Izmir (Turkey)

Around the city of Izmir, Yamanlar – Manisa (north) Karabelen (south) andKemalpasa mountainous areas exist. The forested area in total covers 122,613.5 ha on these mountainous areas. This forested area has 6,146,387 m³ of wood potential. Industrial complex surroundingthe Aliaga, and thermo-electric power plants working with lignitecoal in the Soma region and some other small industrial establishmentsare located around Izmir and Manisa. These establishements have a vital importance in polluting the air. The forest, which suffers especially from SO₂ pollution, consists of Pinus brutia and Pinus nigra. Sulphur contents in 1, 2, 3 yr old needles of the trees were determined to range between 2000–8000 ppm. Microscopic investigation of the tree needles revealed that black blights on the needles indicate destruction of the cells. Annual ring thickness of trees measured showed that there has been a reduction in the forest growth and thisreduction is becoming more serious each year. Reduction in the wood production causes hundreds of billions of Turkish lira of economic loss to the Forestry Administration. It has been concluded at the end of this study that in order to stop theharm that the forests suffer, industrial establishments must pay an `ecological costs' to be added to their product cost items.     

大型露天矿爆破的事故树分析

建立了露天矿爆破质量的事故树并对其进行定性分析 ,利用最小割集法求出影响爆破质量的关键因素。在此基础上 ,提出了防范爆破事故、提高爆破效果的技术措施     

矿井采煤面瓦斯爆炸事故树分析

根据矿井采煤面瓦斯爆炸的一些典型事故，概括出了导致瓦斯爆炸的基本事件。应用事故树分析中的最小割集和结构重要度，对矿井采煤面瓦斯爆炸事故进行了研究。结果表明，严格控制瓦斯浓度，杜绝一切火源，是预防矿井瓦斯爆炸的基本途径，这对指导煤矿安全生产具有重要意义。     

五滚柱式定向离合器外环接触应力计算研究

五滚柱式定向离合器是一种广泛用于机床、汽车、飞机及其他机械的装置。五滚柱式定向离合器的外环形状很不规则 ,其接触应力的计算为国内外工程界的难题之一。笔者采用弹性力学方法计算出了其接触应力 ,并用光弹性实验技术验证 ,理论计算的应力与实测结果基本吻合     

四滚柱式超越离合器外环拉伸应力计算研究

超越离合器广泛用于汽车、机床及飞机等机械动力装置 ,其可靠性直接影响着机械动力装置的性能 ,特别是离合器出现疲劳、断裂的破坏性征兆 ,将产生严重的后果。滚柱式超越离合器外环形状很不规则 ,其内壁拉伸应力目前还没有一种很好的解析方法。笔者将外环简化为曲杆 ,计算所得结果与光弹性实验结果及电阻应变片实验结果吻合良好。     

Perceived values of benefits from Mississippi's forestry Best Management Practices

Numerous studies in the United States have shown that, in addition to accomplishing their primary objective of preventing or reducing non-point source (NPS) pollution, silvicultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) provide additional direct and indirect benefits. These benefits are valuable to a host of forestry-related groups because they improve forest habitat, improve the public's perception of the timber industry, and increase the overall value of the timber asset. In an effort to gauge the perceived value that forestry-related groups place on BMPs, Mississippi non-industrial private forest (NIPF) landowners (n=63), forestry consultants (n=30), and timber industry professionals (n=8) were surveyed using a combination of in-person, telephone interviews, and mail surveys in spring 2001. Each group was asked to rank 35 potential benefits from 1 to 5 (1 being least beneficial; 5 being most beneficial) according to their perceived value of the benefit. Results showed little variation in the overall mean response for all benefits among groups. In general, all groups assigned a ranking of average, more beneficial, or most beneficial to 31 of 35 (88%) potential benefits. Results indicated that, although these groups may have differing perceptions of the value of some benefits, all have a largely positive perception of the potential benefits from BMPs.