Do Highways Influence Density of Land Birds?

Phylloscopus trochilus ), crossbills (Loxia spp.), and tree pipit (Anthus trivialis). The composition of the bird community did not vary significantly between the compared transects. Some species appeared to favour road–forest edges but this could not be confirmed with our data. These species were not the same as have been reported to favor clear-fellings–mature forest edges. Therefore, the edge effect does not seem to be the most important factor controlling relative bird densities immediately adjacent and further away from highways. The likelihood of avoiding the problems the highways are causing for bird density are been discussed.     

Bandwidth determination for kernel density analysis of wildfire events at forest sub-district scale

Forest fire is regarded as one of the most significant factors leading to land degradation. While evaluating fire hazard or producing fire risk zone maps, quantitative analyses using historic fire data is often required, and during all these modeling and multi-criteria analysis processes, the fire event itself is taken as the dependent variable. However, there are two main problematic issues in analyzing historic fire data. The first difficulty arises from the fact that it is in point format, whereas a continuous surface is frequently needed for statistically analyzing the relationship of fire events with other factors, such as anthropogenic, topographic and climatic conditions. Another, and probably the most bothersome challenge is to overcome inaccuracy inherent in historic fire data in point format, since the exact coordinates of ignition points are mostly unknown. In this study, kernel density mapping, a widely used method for converting discrete point data into a continuous raster surface, was used to map the historic fire data in Mumcular Forest Sub-district in Mu?la, Turkey. The historic fire data was transferred onto the digital forest stand map of the study area, where the exact locations of ignition points are unknown; however, the exact number of ignition points in each compartment of the forest stand map is known. Different random distributions of ignition points were produced, and for each random distribution, kernel density maps were produced by applying two distinct kernel functions with several smoothing parameter options. The obtained maps were compared through correlation analysis in order to illustrate the effect of randomness, choice of kernel function and smoothing parameter. The proposed method gives a range of values rather than a single bandwidth value; however, it provides a more reliable way than comparing the maps with different bandwidths subjectively by eye.     

Wood Density as a Conservation Tool: Quantification of Disturbance and Identification of Conservation‐Priority Areas in Tropical Forests

Abstract: Inventories of tree species are often conducted to guide conservation efforts in tropical forests. Such surveys are time consuming, demanding of expertise, and expensive to perform and interpret. Approaches to make survey efforts simpler or more effective would be valuable. In particular, it would be good to be able to easily identify areas of old‐growth forest. The average density of the wood of a tree species is closely linked to its successional status. We used tree inventory data from eastern Borneo to determine whether wood density can be used to quantify forest disturbance and conservation importance. The average density of wood in a plot was significantly and negatively related to disturbance levels, with plots with higher wood densities occurring almost exclusively in old‐growth forests. Average wood density was unimodally related to the diversity of tree species, indicating that the average wood density in a plot might be a better indicator of old‐growth forest than species diversity. In addition, Borneo endemics had significantly heavier wood than species that are common throughout the Malesian region, and they were more common in plots with higher average wood density. We concluded that wood density at the plot level could be a powerful tool for identifying areas of conservation priority in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.     

林地变为玉米地后土壤轻质部分有机碳的13C/12C比值的变化

为了观察森林生态系统转变为农业生态系统后土壤有机碳的变化，选择贵州喀斯特森林区为研究对象，采集了林地和邻近的玉米地土壤剖面样品，并按土壤密度把土壤样品分级成轻质部分和重质部分。林地和玉米地土壤均为石灰土。玉米地土壤风化相对较强，淋溶严重而贫瘠，并且所返还的植物残留物数量很少。实验结果表明，林地土壤轻质部分的(13C值明显低于重质部分，而玉米地土壤轻质部分的(13C值明显高于重质部分，说明植物残留物首先进入到轻质部分。然而，由于当地的耕作习惯，输入到玉米地土壤轻质部分的玉米残留物的数量很少，只有48%，这是初级生产力低下的主要原因。     

主成分分析法优化治理黑臭水体的碳素纤维铺设密度

在治理黑臭水体的碳素纤维铺设密度优化研究中,借助统计学软件(SIMCA-P),以4个指标(COD、TP、NH3-N、TN)作为分析变量,探讨了单指标优化法与主成分分析法分析样本数据的差别。结果表明:单指标优化法可以确定4个指标各自的最优铺设密度,而主成分分析法能综合4个指标的信息进行分析,并优选出碳素纤维的最优铺设密度为40 cm2/L,为碳素纤维的综合运用提供参考依据。     

考虑干密度影响的尾矿材料土水特征曲线模型及其应用

尾矿坝在运行过程中,堆积尾矿处于干湿交替环境,进行稳定性分析需要确定其抗剪强度和渗透系数。直接测量上述参数存在价格昂贵、耗时等缺点,而土水特征曲线是研究土的非饱和特性的重要工具。针对典型的尾矿材料,分别进行不同干密度尾矿样的脱水试验,测量不同吸力下尾矿样的含水量。在此基础上,整理得到不同干密度下尾矿样的土水特征曲线,采用Gardner模型对其进行拟合,得到考虑干密度影响的尾矿材料土水特征曲线模型。最后,将其应用于尾矿边坡的稳定性分析中,探求基质吸力对边坡稳定性的影响。研究成果可为尾矿材料的力学特性以及非饱和尾矿坝稳定性分析提供理论基础。     

晋西黄土高原水资源植被承载力分析及对策建议

干旱缺水始终是黄土高原地区林业水资源管理面临的难题. 为了探究造成黄土高原地区林水失衡的主要原因,以2009—2012年晋西黄土高原蔡家川流域油松人工林树干液流量与土壤水分长期连续定位观测数据为基础,采用土壤有效水与单株油松耗水量的比值来衡量该区域水资源植被承载力. 结果表明:①在油松人工林实际密度(1 300株/hm2)下,油松人工林过度耗水是深层土壤干化的主要原因;降水量是决定水资源植被承载力的主要环境因子,降水量越大,油松人工林地的水资源植被承载力就越高. ②根据构建的降水量-水资源植被承载力拟合方程,在当地年均降水量为576 mm条件下,研究区20 a林龄油松人工林地水资源植被承载力为1 084株/hm2,而油松人工林地的实际密度远大于该水资源植被承载力. 在黄土高原地区,人工林密度过高是造成深层土壤干化、植被退化等生态恶化的主要原因. 因此,将人工林密度控制在当地水资源植被承载力范围之内,是减少林地深层土壤水分消耗、调节林地水平衡的重要措施.      

中国农田作物植被碳储量研究进展

作物植被碳储量是全球陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分。中国农田作物植被碳储量的估算主要采用参数估算法、遥感资料反演法和环境参数模型法。通过对中国近几十年来全国和区域尺度作物植被碳储量的估算研究,获得了一些作物的经济系数、含碳率和作物收获部分水分系数等估算参数值,探讨了遥感反演和环境参数模型方法,并提出加强农田基本建设、改进农业生产技术与管理、调整作物结构和加强作物秸秆利用等固碳措施。目前对中国农田作物植被碳储量的估算仍存在较大的不确定性,获取的估算参数尚不充分,估算方法和模型有待完善,对作物植被碳储量变化的源/汇效应尚未取得统一认识。虽然在农田生态系统中土壤碳储量（密度）普遍大于作物植被碳储量（密度）,但作物植被碳储量仍然是一个数量可观、并有增加潜力和可能的碳库,其大小及秸秆利用情况直接影响着土壤碳库。因此,对农田作物植被碳储量应分时段和区域具体分析,才能认识其源/汇效应。今后应在以下几方面进一步加强作物植被碳储量的研究：进一步完善和改进估算方法;加强作物植被碳储量估算及固碳措施的区域个例研究,探索不同空间尺度作物植被碳储量的尺度转换;开展作物碳储量动态及固碳机理的综合研究。此外,还应就气候变化与作物植被碳储量的相互耦合关系进行探讨。     

Charge and separation characteristics of nanofiltration membrane embracing dissociated functional groups

The current work focused on the investigation of charge and separation characteristics of nanofiltration （NF） membrane embracing dissociated functional groups under different electrolyte solutions. The electro-kinetic method was carried out to assess the membrane volume charge density （X） with different salt concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 mol. m-3 and different electrolyte species, such as type 1-1, type 2-1 and type 3-1. The Donnan steric pore model-dielectric exclusion （DSPM- DE） model was employed to evaluate the separation characteristics of the NF membrane for wide range of electrolyte concentration （from 25.7 to 598.9mol·m^-3）. The results indicated that the dissociation of the hydro- philic functional groups and the specific adsorption contributed to charge formation on membrane surface. The former played a dominant role in type 1-1 and type 2-1 electrolytes at dilute aqueous solutions （0.1-0.5 mol · m^3）. However, for type 3-1 electrolyte, specific adsorp- tion should contribute to the charge effect to a large extent. Moreover, the correlation between the volume charge density and feed concentration was in accordance with Freundlich isotherm. Furthermore, it was found that the separation characteristic of NF membrane could be evaluated well by DSPM-DE model coupling with electro-kinetic method in a whole concentration range.     

A shell-based magnetic field model for magnetic proximity detection systems

Several magnetic proximity detection systems have been developed for mining vehicles and mobile machinery to protect nearby workers. Magnetic field generators are often used in these systems to establish magnetic fields around the equipment. A sensor worn by a worker provides a measurement of the magnetic flux density that is used to estimate the proximity to the machine. The proximity detection systems currently available for underground mining equipment are capable of identifying whether a worker is near the machine. However, it is a challenge for these systems to accurately locate the worker. Mining machines, which have fast-moving, articulated parts, present hazards that change depending on the situation at hand as well as the specific location of the worker. In addition, the dynamic nature and confined spaces of the mining environment often demand that the workers be close to the machinery. Therefore, in many cases, simply knowing the proximity of a worker may be inadequate. To provide the most effective protection, it would be advantageous to know the worker’s exact location relative to specific parts of the machine. To lay the foundation for measuring such a location, we have developed a shell-based model of the magnetic flux density distribution for a ferrite-cored generator. This paper will present an analysis of the model along with a model construction process. Also presented are the laboratory test results of a prototype system that implements this model to determine the exact location of a magnetic sensor using the fields from two generators.