广州绿地土壤理化特性及其相关性

以广州市荔湾区城市绿地为起点往东北延伸至从化流溪河自然保护区,建立长100km、宽10km的绿地土壤样带以研究广州市绿地土壤理化性状及土壤因子间的相关性。研究结果表明,广州绿地土壤容重平均值为（1.31±0.20）g·cm^-3,属偏紧范围;自然含水量为112.14～402.33g·kg^-1;总孔隙度均值（44.10%±4.84%）,属过紧实（45.3%～41.5%）。土壤pH值为2.21～7.82,变幅较广;有机质属丰富偏下水平（30～40g·kg^-1）;有效磷、有效钙和重金属的变化范围也较广。土壤砂粒质量分数与绝大多数土壤物理因子呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）,土壤pH值与重金属总铬、总镉、总铅、有效铜、有效钙和有效钾等呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。研究结果为科学使用和保护城市绿地土壤提供依据。     

Explaining human settlement patterns in a recreational lake district: Vilas County,Wisconsin, USA

Lakeshore development in Vilas County, northern Wisconsin (USA) is heterogeneous, ranging from lakes that are surrounded by homes and commercial establishments to lakes that have no buildings on their shorelines. Development in this recreational area has increased, and since the 1960s over half of new homes have been built on the lakeshore. We examined building density around lakes in relationship to 11 variables, including in-lake, shoreline, and social characteristics. Buildings in many parts of northern Wisconsin tend to be concentrated around shorelines; in Vilas County 61% of all medium-sized buildings (our proxy for residential development) on private land were ≤100 m of a lake. The probability of development on a lake was largely related to lake surface area, with larger, more accessible lakes showing a higher probability of development. Building density along shorelines varied with travel cost, lake surface area, presence of wetlands, and extent of public land ownership. Building density was greater on larger, more accessible lakes that were surrounded by forest (as opposed to wetlands) and public lands. Gaining a more precise understanding of human settlement patterns can help direct planning and resource protection efforts to lakes most likely to experience future development.     

Ontogenetic States,Effective Density,and Classification of Plant Populations

Uranov (1975) formulated a theory of the age structure of plant populations and, in particular, defined the index of ageness . On the basis of this theory, the concepts of the energy efficiency of plants in a certain ontogenetic state and the average efficiency of a population () are introduced. A new classification of populations with respect to the types of age structure is proposed which is based on both the and values and, accordingly, is named the delta–omega classification. The notion of effective population density is defined. This parameter takes into account different loads of plants in different ontogenetic states on the environment and is quantitatively equal to the product of the population density and . The proposed approaches and methods are illustrated by data on the distribution of age states in different plant species.     

考虑疏散安全的公共场所人员容量控制研究

利用已建立的大型公共场所人员疏散行为模型,首先针对案例超市Ⅰ,在考虑疏散安全的前提下,研究了公共场所中被疏散人员的个体差异、障碍物的数量和布局差异以及疏散出口的宽度等因素对人员容量的影响,得出了不能简单地通过计算建筑面积或营业面积与给定的人员密度的乘积来设置公共场所人员容量的结论。进一步针对案例超市Ⅱ,在假设其被疏散人员构成与案例超市Ⅰ一致的条件下,通过模拟对比两个案例超市的人员容量,验证了应用均一化的人员密度来控制不同公共场所人员容量的规定不具有普适性,公共场所人员容量的确定必须要根据具体场所的实际情况来具体分析。     

Longitudinal‐Vertical Hydrodynamic and Turbidity Simulations for Prediction of Dam Reconstruction Effects in Asian Monsoon Area1

Abstract: This research investigates possible impacts of enlarged water body according to dam reconstruction on the hydrodynamics and water quality of the reservoir using a laterally averaged, two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and transport model, CE‐QUAL‐W2. The lake was formed by the artificial dam in 1983 for agricultural water supply and is currently under consideration of reconstruction so as to expand the volume of reservoir for flood control as well as water supply in downstream areas. To calibrate and validate the model, field‐collected data were compared with model predictions for water level fluctuations and water temperature during the years of 2001 (from January to December) and 2003 (from March to November). The model results showed a good agreement with field measurements both in calibration and verification. Utilizing the model, impacts of dam reconstruction on the thermal hydrodynamics and turbid current were predicted. From the model results, dam reconstruction limited the depth of thermal stratification below 10 meter and formed steep temperature gradient between epilimnion and hypolimnion. The restricted thermal stratification persisted up to the end of September. This result indicated that thermal stratification would become stronger during summer and stay longer after dam reconstruction. In addition, the restricted thermal stratification caused vertical circulation of water mixing lower than 10 meter and isolated the upper water layer from the lower water layer which increased the volume of hypolimnetic water with low temperature. The vertical circulation near the surface also mitigated propagation of density plume within the depth of 10 m which would remain the hypolimnetic water clean.     

Aggregated Estimation of the Basic Parameters of Biological Production and the Carbon Budget of Russian Terrestrial Ecosystems: 1. Stocks of Plant Organic Mass

The data presented were obtained at the first stage (1993–1999) of studies on evaluating the basic parameters of biological production in Russian terrestrial ecosystems in order to provide information for assessing and modeling the carbon budget of the entire terrestrial biota of the country. Stocks of phytomass (by fractions), coarse woody debris, and dead roots (underground necromass) were calculated by two independent methods, which yielded close results. The total amount of phytomass in Russian terrestrial ecosystems was estimated at 81800 Tg (=10¹² g = million t) dry matter, or 39989 Tg carbon. Forest ecosystems comprise a greater part (82.1%) of live plant organic matter (here and below, comparisons are made with respect to the carbon content); natural grasslands and brushwoods account for 8.8%; the phytomass of wetlands (bogs and swamps), for 6.6%; and the phytomass of farmlands, for only 2.5%. Aboveground wood contains approximately two-thirds of the plant carbon (63.8%), and green parts contain 9.9%. For all classes of ecosystems, the proportion of underground phytomass averages 26.7% of the total amount, varying from 22.0% in forests to 57.1% in grasslands and brushwoods. The average phytomass density on lands covered with vegetation (1629.9 million hectares in Russia) is 5.02 kg/m² dry matter, or 2.45 kg C/m². The total amount of carbon in coarse woody debris is 4955 Tg C, and 9180 Tg C are in the underground necromass. In total, the vegetation of Russian terrestrial ecosystems (without litter) contains 54124 Tg carbon.     

Reconstructed Stream Flow for the Salt and Verde Rivers From Tree-Ring Data1

ABSTRACT: The Salt and Verde Rivers of central Arizona provide the water supply for metropolitan Phoenix and a considerable acreage of irrigated agriculture. Rapid urbanization has caused concern over future water supply and aggravated flooding in the already flood-prone Salt River Valley. Tree-ring data were used as a proxy source to extend the annual and seasonal runoff records back to A.D. 1580 and thus to determine whether the period of record for annual discharge adequately represents the long term flow characteristics of the two rivers. Results show that several periods of extended low flow have occurred during the past 400 years, many of which were more severe then any comparable period since 1890. The low flow periods appear to have a recurrence interval of about 22 years. Also the gaged records contain an above average number of high seasonal and annual flows when compared to the entire 400 years. The reconstructions contain important implications for future water supply and flood potentials in the Salt River Valley.     

Fe2O3(1-12)作用下CO化学链燃烧反应机理研究

在化学链燃烧(CLC)过程中,载氧体表面的原子结构和电子特性决定了其化学反应活性.本文以Fe_2O_3为载氧体,探讨了其自然条件下主要裸露的高米勒数指表面(1-1 2)的结构性质,研究发现表面不同配位数的氧和铁原子(包括O2f、O3f、O4f、Fe4f和Fe5f)的键参数、电子态密度及电荷布居等存在明显差异.为探究这种差异对Fe_2O_3反应活性的影响,对比分析了CO在表面5种氧和铁原子位生成CO_2的吸附-反应机理.CO在表面低配位O原子O2f和O3f首先形成物理吸附,然后被晶格氧氧化生成CO_2,反应需要克服能垒分别为3.657 e V和3.401 e V;然而,CO在O4f位吸附时,首先克服1.864 e V能垒形成二齿形碳酸盐物种,之后克服1.097 e V的能垒形成CO_2.当CO在Fe4f和Fe5f位吸附时,CO与Fe原子成键,后经过活化与表面O原子成键,形成二齿形碳酸盐物种,能垒分别为0.416和0.219 e V,最终碳酸盐物种分别克服0.500和1.462e V的能垒生成CO_2.因此,可以推断表面高配位数的O4f、Fe4f和Fe5f原子,由于其较高的氧化态,在化学链燃烧过程中充当活性位的作用.本研究有助于了解铁基载氧体表面化学链燃烧反应的微观机理,并为载氧体表面结构性能调控制备提供理论借鉴.     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1236mW/m2,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1197mW/m2,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.     

Stability of soil organic carbon changes in successive rotations of Chinese fir （Cunninghamia lanceolata （Lamb.） Hook） plantations

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) under forests in the global carbon cycle depends on the stability of the soil carbon and its availability to soil microbial biomass. We investigated the e ects of successive rotations of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook) plantations on the stability of SOC and its availability to microbes by adopting the two-step hydrolysis with H2SO4 and density fractionation. The results showed that successive rotations of Chinese fir decreased the quantity of total SOC, recalcitrant fraction, and carbohydrates in Labile Pool I (LP I), and microbial properties evidently, especially at 0–10 cm horizon. However, cellulose included in Labile Pool II (LP II) and the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio increased in successive rotations of Chinese fir. The noncellulose of carbohydrates included in LP I maybe highly available to soil microbial biomass. Hence the availability of SOC to microbial biomass declined over the successive rotations. Although there was no significant change in recalcitrance of SOC over the successive rotations of Chinese fir, the percentage of heavy fraction to total SOC increased, suggesting that the degree of physical protection for SOC increased and SOC became more stable over the successive rotations. The degradation of SOC quality in successive rotation soils may be attributed to worse environmental conditions resulted from disturbance that related to “slash and burn” site preparation. Being highly correlated with soil microbial properties, the cellulose/total carbohydrates ratio as an e ective indicator of changes in availability of SOC to microbial biomass brought by management practices in forest soils.