Distributional dynamic and trend evolution of China’s agricultural carbon emissions – an analysis on panel data of 31 provinces from 2002 to 2011

Researching the dynamic distribution characteristics and trend evolution of agricultural carbon emissions is of considerable significance in formulating an effective agricultural carbon reduction policy. Based on measurement of agricultural carbon emissions of 31 provinces over the period 2002–2011, the study observed regional differences and the dynamic evolution of distribution of agricultural carbon emissions using agricultural carbon intensity as the indicator, accompanied by Gini coefficients and the kernel density estimation method. The results demonstrate first that agricultural carbon emissions for China show an obvious nonequilibrium nature in regard to spatial distribution. According to the differences in agricultural carbon emissions dynamic trends, we divided the 31 regions into four types – continuous decline, fluctuating decline, continuous increase, and fluctuating increase. Further, agricultural carbon emissions intensity showed a downward trend with significant differences in the research areas. Second, the gap in spatial distribution of national agricultural carbon emissions is gradually expanding based on the results calculated by Gini coefficient. From the perception of regional differences in agricultural carbon emissions, the eastern region showed an average level, the gap was more obvious in the central region, while western region showed a trend of fluctuating downward. Third, according to estimation by kernel density, the regional disparity in agricultural carbon emissions had a downward, but limited, trend. In regard to agricultural carbon emissions over the three areas, the regional gap not only tended to decrease but also showed a “four way” differentiation phenomenon in the eastern region. The difference in the central region difference was narrower. On the whole, the gap for the western region reduced steadily over a small range.     

Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on vegetation diversity and structure: a case study in the remnant forests surrounding the village ecosystems of Tripura,Northeast India

The types, frequency, and intensity of human interference with forests markedly affect the vegetation dynamics. Assessment of the impact of anthropogenic disturbances on forest diversity and structure is one of the central issues related to human behaviour and forest ecosystems and management. Both species diversity and density are very sensitive to local anthropogenic disturbance, which can be reduced depending on land-use systems. We used 10 line transects of 500 × 10 m to record and measure all plants ≥10 cm girth in some of the remaining forests surrounding villages in Tripura, Northeast India. To predict the effects of anthropogenic pressure on species richness and forest structure, we recorded and scored all ongoing disturbances in all transects of the forests. Although our study did not show any significant effects on the mean number of species, all diversity indices were significantly affected by disturbance. Total stem density (F = 128.60, p < 0.0001) and basal area (F = 65.30, p < 0.0001) of the forest stands were significantly affected by disturbance. Disturbance significantly (F = 84.81, p < 0.0001) impacts the abundance of mature voluminous trees removed by extensive illegal logging. Further, stem density at the middle (F = 10.01, p < 0.05) and upper (F = 131.70, p < 0.0001) canopy stories was also reduced by high disturbance intensity. The present analysis will be useful to policy-makers and planners for implementation of sustainable forest management at both the local and regional scale.     

中国超大城市不透水面扩张对对流层NO2柱浓度的影响

基于Aura卫星的臭氧检测仪(OMI)数据及Landsat卫星影像,分别分析了中国7座超大城市2005—2017年的对流层NO_2柱浓度(TroNO_2浓度)时空变化规律和不透水面扩张模式,并探讨了二者之间的联系,结果表明:①7座城市总体表现为TroNO_2浓度先升高后降低、高值区域先扩大后收缩甚至消失的趋势.变化存在显著的周期性,冬季浓度远高于夏季.②各城市不透水面面积分别扩张至120%～200%,扩张模式多表现为由中心向四周辐射式扩张,不透水面的空间分布和扩张趋势与TroNO_2浓度高度相关.③各城市市辖区TroNO_2浓度与不透水面覆盖率(ISC)呈高度正相关,二者冷热点空间分布规律一致,松散型、紧凑型、密集型、高度密集型市辖区的TroNO_2浓度均值依次增加,发生不透水面扩张的区域标准化TroNO_2指数呈上升趋势.④自然条件、经济产业结构、机动车尾气排放、重大赛会的举办及相关政策等因素均与TroNO_2浓度密切相关.     

电厂烟气中SO2对活性炭吸附单质铅(Pb0)的影响机理

利用密度泛函理论系统研究了SO_2对活性炭吸附单质铅(Pb~0)的影响,其中,结构优化与频率计算采用B3LYP/def2-SVP级别方法和基组,单点能计算采用B3LYP/def2-TZVP级别方法和基组.同时,利用玻尔兹曼分布函数分析了SO_2与Pb~0在活性炭表面的竞争吸附关系,结果表明,Pb~0在纯净活性炭上的吸附能力大于SO_2.此外,本研究发现,SO_2的预吸附会增强活性炭对Pb~0的吸附效果.通过静电势分布揭开了SO_2促进活性炭吸附Pb~0的深层原因,结果发现,吸附SO_2以后活性炭表面静电势极大值增大,极小值减小,吸附剂吸附能力因此增强.最后,利用电子密度差分图揭示出SO_2改性活性炭在吸附Pb~0时,SO_2对Pb~0吸附的影响可以分为直接影响和间接影响两种.     

基于DFT计算和实验研究无机氮对水中萘普生及其产物光解的影响

萘普生(NP)是一种广泛使用的消炎镇痛类药.本文研究了水中不同形态无机氮对萘普生及其两种重要的光解中间产物NP_1和NP_2光降解的影响.结果表明,NH~+_4对于NP及产物的光解几乎没有影响,NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP、NP_1和NP_2的光解均表现出抑制作用.NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP的影响主要是光屏蔽效应,而对NP_1和NP_2光解影响的主导因素是由光化学环境中产生的·NO、·NO_2同·OH的竞争关系造成的间接抑制.光化学环境中·OH、·NO_2、·NO氧化NP_1和NP_2的化学反应活化能垒呈现上升趋势(NP_1:7.0、21.2、54.4 kcal·mol~(-1);NP_2:34.5、47.1、70.3 kcal·mol~(-1)).活化能垒的差异表明,光化学反应体系中生成的·NO_2和·NO将会导致反应速率下降,这也诠释了NO~-_2和NO~-_3对NP_1和NP_2光解抑制的差异性.     

黔中地区不同林龄马尾松小气候特征研究

以黔中地区不同林龄马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用时空替代法,选取农田（对照）、林窗、中林龄、近熟林、成熟林和过熟林6个样地,每月选择代表日分时段测量光照强度、光通量密度、气温、相对湿度、蒸气压亏损和风速等小气候指标,同时对样地内不同垂直高度（0.5,1.0和1.5m）观测指标进行比较.结果表明：（1）除风速随测量高度变化（1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m）差异极显著外（P<0.01）,其余观测指标随测量高度均无显著差异（P>0.05）.（2）观测时段内,不同林龄马尾松林小气候均存在显著性差异（P<0.05）,其中光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速变化为农田 > 林窗 > 马尾松林;相对湿度变化为马尾松林 > 林窗 > 农田.（3）与农田相比,马尾松林分别降低了光照强度、光通量密度、气温、蒸气压亏损和风速的917.36%、837.35%、5.33%、30.77%、193.58%,增加了6.39%的相对湿度,具有显著的遮阳降温、增湿保湿、维持林冠下小气候稳定的作用.在演替前期,抵挡阳光和风速的效果明显,而在后期,降温增湿以及保湿效果显著.舒适度评价显示,除冬季外,黔中地区马尾松林可发挥良好的森林康养和游憩生态功能.     

Effect of current density on groundwater arsenite removal performance using air cathode electrocoagulation

• With the same charge, current density had little effect on As(III) removal in ACEC. • ACEC had the lowest energy consumption compared with EC/O₂ or EC/N₂. • There was a trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. • The ·OH concentration in ACEC was 1.5 times of that in the EC/O₂ system. Naturally occurring arsenic enrichment in groundwater poses a huge threat to human health. Air cathode electrocoagulation (ACEC) has recently been proposed to enhance As(III) oxidation and lower energy consumption. In this study, ACEC, EC/O₂ and EC/N₂ were evaluated with different current densities from 1 to 8 mA/cm² to investigate the effect on As(III) removal in different redox environments. Current density had no appreciable effect on arsenic removal efficiency given the same charge in ACEC because the concentration ratio of Fe/H₂O₂ under different current densities remained stable. However, in EC/O₂ and EC/N₂, As(III) removal was inhibited at higher current densities (4–8 mA/cm²), likely because more Fe(II) competed with As(III) for the oxidant, leading to less effective oxidation of As(III). In all EC systems, the ·OH units generated per power consumption reached the highest value at the lowest current density. Compared with other EC systems, the ACEC system showed lower energy consumption at all current densities due to the low energy consumption of the electrode reaction and more free radical generation. A lower current density saved more energy at the expense of time, showing the trade-off relationship between energy consumption and removal time. The operation costs for As(III) removal under optimal conditions were calculated as 0.028 $/m³ for ACEC, 0.030 $/m³ for EC/O₂, and 0.085 $/m³ for EC/N₂     

粉尘云浓度对HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响

为准确评价高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）粉尘爆炸敏感性和开展有效的粉尘防爆工作,采用Godbert-Greenwald恒温炉标准实验装置研究了典型HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的分布特性,着重探讨了粉尘云浓度对不同喷尘压力条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的影响规律。研究表明:测试条件下HDPE粉尘云最低着火温度的变化处于360~445 ℃范围,随粉尘云浓度的增加呈现先降低后升高的总体趋势,粉尘云浓度为1.111 kg/m3时出现拐点,且粉尘云最低着火温度随喷尘压力的增加而降低。     

近地面NO_2浓度卫星遥感估算问题

对卫星遥感监测大气NO_2的差分算法涉及的科学问题进行了综述,包括去除大气散射和地表反射噪声影响、大气拉曼散射引起的Ring效应校正、不同大气成分分离和观测垂直归一化等问题。国际上通过剔除平流层NO_2获得对流层柱浓度产品,文章绕开平流层NO_2获取问题,提出了结合大气化学模式模拟的垂直廓线直接估算近地面NO_2浓度技术方法,以更好地满足环境空气质量的观测需求,阐述了几个影响NO_2反演精度的相关问题。     

基于AVMD与DPC-FCM的旋转机械无监督故障诊断方法

目的 针对旋转机械故障诊断过程中存在故障信号特征提取困难、故障诊断过程有标签数据较少、故障诊断准确率低等问题,提出自适应变分模态分解算法(Adaptive Variational Mode Decomposition, AVMD)与密度峰值算法优化的模糊C均值算法(Clustering by Fast Search and Find of Density Peaks Optimizing Fuzzy C-Means,DPC-FCM)结合的无监督诊断方法。方法 首先,将多尺度排列熵与峭度相结合的综合系数作为适应度函数,对VMD算法的惩罚因子alpha和模态个数K进行参数寻优,提取分解后本征模态函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF)的平均样本熵与平均模糊熵,并输入至聚类算法中。其次,提出利用密度峰值聚类算法确定FCM的初始聚类中心,降低聚类结果的随机性。结果 将提出的无监督故障诊断模型应用到滚动轴承试验信号中,实现了准确的故障诊断。结论 AVMD在故障提取方面具有优越性,同时DPC算法可以有效提高FCM算法无监督聚类的准确性,二者结合可以有效实现旋转机械故障的智能分类。