Evaluation of Methods for Delineating Riparian Zones in a Semi‐Arid Montane Watershed

Riparian zones in semi‐arid, mountainous regions provide a disproportionate amount of the available wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. Despite their importance, there is little guidance on the best way to map riparian zones for broad spatial extents (e.g., large watersheds) when detailed maps from field data or high‐resolution imagery and terrain data are not available. Using well‐established accuracy metrics (e.g., kappa, precision, computational complexity), we evaluated eight methods commonly used to map riparian zones. Focusing on a semi‐arid, mountainous watershed, we found that the most accurate and robust method for mapping riparian zones combines data on upstream drainage area and valley topography. That method performed best regardless of stream order, and was most effective when implemented with fine resolution topographic and stream line data. Other commonly used methods to model riparian zones, such as those based on fixed‐width buffers, yielded inaccurate results. We recommend that until very‐high resolution (<1 m) elevation data are available at broad extents, models of riparian zones for semi‐arid mountainous regions should incorporate drainage area, valley topography, and quantify uncertainty.     

Exploring Persistence in Streamflow Forecasting

In this study, the authors explore three persistence approaches in streamflow forecasting motivated by the need for forecasting model skill evaluation. The authors use streamflow observations with 15 min resolution from the year 2008 to 2017 at 140 United States Geological Survey streamflow gauges monitoring the streams and rivers over the State of Iowa. The spatial scale of the basins ranges from about 7 to 37,000 km². The study explores three approaches: simple persistence, gradient persistence, and anomaly persistence. The study shows that persistence forecasts skill has strong dependence on basin scales and weaker but non‐negligible dependence on geometric properties of the river network for a given basin. Among the three approaches explored, anomaly persistence shows highest skill especially for small basins, under about 500 km². The anomaly persistence can serve as a benchmark for model evaluations considering the effect of basin scales and geometric properties of river network of the basin. This study further reiterates that persistence forecasts are hard‐to‐beat methods for larger basin scales at short to medium forecast range.     

北京市不同主干道绿地群落对大气PM2.5浓度消减作用的影响

为研究城市道路两侧不同绿化带宽度及不同植物群落配置模式对消减大气中PM2.5浓度的作用,选择北京市四环主干道旁3种典型植物群落配置类型作为试验监测点,对0 m、6 m、16 m、26 m、36 m不同绿带宽度下PM2.5浓度分布与变化进行监测,并对其消减能力进行计算,分析PM2.5浓度变化与道路车流量、绿化带宽度及植物群落配置模式之间的关系。结果表明：（1）PM2.5浓度的日变化与车流量的日变化特征一致,道路绿地空气中PM2.5浓度的日变化呈现双峰单谷型特征,即早晚高、白天低,PM2.5浓度在8：00-10：00的交通早高峰期间增加,而后开始下降,到12：00-14：00左右达到最低值,之后呈持续上升状态,直至晚高峰19：00浓度达一天中的最大值。（2）不同植物群落配置模式对大气中PM2.5浓度的消减作用不同,群落内郁闭度高的多复层结构绿地对PM2.5消减作用优于郁闭度低的单层配置绿地模式;（3）分别对3类空气质量条件下,道路绿地对PM2.5消减作用进行评价。无污染或轻度污染（PM2.5〈100μg·m-3）环境下,绿地对PM2.5消减作用明显,26 m及36 m的绿带处消减作用最强,最高可达12.22%;中度污染（101μg·m-3201μg·m-3）天气条件下3种绿地对PM2.5的消减作用均不明显。     

改性纳米铁原位反应带修复范围影响因素研究

为了解蔗糖改性纳米铁原位反应带在地下含水层中的形成规律,在二维模拟装置中创建原位反应带,研究了石英砂介质颗粒大小?地下水流速?浆液注入浓度?注入量及注入方式对反应带修复范围的影响.结果表明:反应带宽度随介质粒径及地下水流速的增加而增大,粗砂中反应带宽度约为细砂的3倍;当地下水流速由0.1m/d增加到1.0m/d时,反应带宽度分别增加了14.9%和106.4%.浆液分次注入的方式可使反应带初始宽度增加19.8%;较小的浆液浓度有利于反应带在水流方向和含水层垂向修复范围的扩展.     

Use of Standardized Visual Assessments of Riparian and Stream Condition to Manage Riparian Bird Habitat in Eastern Oregon

The importance of riparian vegetation to support stream function and provide riparian bird habitat in semiarid landscapes suggests that standardized assessment tools that include vegetation criteria to evaluate stream health could also be used to assess habitat conditions for riparian-dependent birds. We first evaluated the ability of two visual assessments of woody vegetation in the riparian zone (corridor width and height) to describe variation in the obligate riparian bird ensemble along 19 streams in eastern Oregon. Overall species richness and the abundances of three species all correlated significantly with both, but width was more important than height. We then examined the utility of the riparian zone criteria in three standardized and commonly used rapid visual riparian assessment protocols—the USDI BLM Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) assessment, the USDA NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP), and the U.S. EPA Habitat Assessment Field Data Sheet (HAFDS)—to assess potential riparian bird habitat. Based on the degree of correlation of bird species richness with assessment ratings, we found that PFC does not assess obligate riparian bird habitat condition, SVAP provides a coarse estimate, and HAFDS provides the best assessment. We recommend quantitative measures of woody vegetation for all assessments and that all protocols incorporate woody vegetation height. Given that rapid assessments may be the only source of information for thousands of kilometers of streams in the western United States, incorporating simple vegetation measurements is a critical step in evaluating the status of riparian bird habitat and provides a tool for tracking changes in vegetation condition resulting from management decisions.     

一个解析的面源浓度计算公式

利用级数展开的方法得到一个实用的解析面源公式,它不仅包括了显式源高项,还能计算面源烟羽横风向非轴线浓度,其精度远远高于其它有关模式。此外,利用该公式,研究了面源烟羽的半宽度,并证明,难以用一个固定的后退点源来描述整个面源烟羽,提出可用一移动点源来代替。     

河岸草本缓冲带对模拟径流中污染物的净化

选择华北地区3种常见草本植物——狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草,通过人工配水模拟地表径流,在北京潮白河河岸设置径流试验,研究河岸带宽度、水力负荷和进水浓度对不同缓冲带截污能力的影响。结果表明:模拟径流中污染物均随缓冲带沿程距离增加有降低趋势,且前段下降较快,后段下降逐渐趋缓。SS的去除主要发生在沿程前3 m,TP和COD的去除主要发生在前6 m,TN的去除主要发生在9 m以内。若缓冲带的宽度设置受限,为保证一定的截污效果,宽度不应小于9 m。狗牙根、虎尾草和天堂草缓冲带在沿程15 m处对NH_4~+-N的去除率分别为50.6%、32.0%和40.4%,总体上狗牙根和天堂草对N、P的去除能力优于虎尾草。不同水力负荷和进水浓度下,草本缓冲带均能有效截留径流中的SS,去除率均在70%以上,而NH_4~+-N的去除受进水浓度的影响较大。由于模拟径流中NO_3~--N和溶解性磷(DP)进水浓度低于1 mg/L,缓冲带对两者的去除效果较差,特别是虎尾草缓冲带,出现了出水浓度高于进水的情况。     

用17O核磁共振研究液态水的团簇结构

阐述了利用核磁共振谱线宽表征液态水团簇结构平均相对大小的原理 ,通过试验确定了以 17O核磁共振谱线宽作为衡量液态水团簇结构平均相对大小的指标 ,并以温度升高过程中液态水 17O NMR谱线宽的变化对该指标进行了初步的验证 .     

闽南红砖大厝庭院形态对屋面风压与风场的影响研究

基于ANSYS Fluent软件选用RNG k-ε 湍流模型,以闽南红砖大厝民居为对象,通过数值计算、 分组对比分析庭院与厝埕的进深对风场及屋面风压分布的影响并探讨利于抗风的建筑形式.研究表明:①随院落宽度的增加屋面最大平均风压系数绝对值呈现显著地降低又升高,最大降低21.2％;庭院宽度与进深的比例为1.5时屋面最大平...     

Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width1

DeWalle, David R., 2010. Modeling Stream Shade: Riparian Buffer Height and Density as Important as Buffer Width. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):323-333. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00423.x Abstract: A theoretical model was developed to explore impacts of varying buffer zone characteristics on shading of small streams using a path-length form of Beer’s law to represent the transmission of direct beam solar radiation through vegetation. Impacts of varying buffer zone height, width, and radiation extinction coefficients (surrogate for buffer density) on shading were determined for E-W and N-S stream azimuths in infinitely long stream sections at 40°N on the summer solstice. Increases in buffer width produced little additional shading beyond buffer widths of 6-7 m for E-W streams due to shifts in solar beam pathway from the sides to the tops of the buffers. Buffers on the north bank of E-W streams produced 30% of daily shade, while the south-bank buffer produced 70% of total daily shade. For N-S streams an optimum buffer width was less-clearly defined, but a buffer width of about 18-20 m produced about 85-90% of total predicted shade. The model results supported past field studies showing buffer widths of 9-11 m were sufficient for stream temperature control. Regardless of stream azimuth, increases in buffer height and extinction coefficient (buffer density) were found to substantially increase shading up to the maximum tree height and stand density likely encountered in the field. Model results suggest that at least 80% shade on small streams up to 6-m wide can be achieved in mid-latitudes with relatively narrow 12-m wide buffers, regardless of stream azimuth, as long as buffers are tall (≈30 m) and dense (leaf area index ≈6). Although wide buffers may be preferred to provide other benefits, results suggest that increasing buffer widths beyond about 12 m will have a limited effect on stream shade at mid-latitudes and that greater emphasis should be placed on the creation of dense, tall buffers to maximize stream shading.