“十一五”河南省城市环境空气污染特征及原因分析

文章通过对平均综合污染指数,城市空气质量级别的变化对比分析,认为"十一五"期间河南省城市环境空气质量整体呈现改善的变化趋势。基于监测数据,从河南省城市主要污染物、污染特性空间分布、季节性污染特性等方面对环境空气污染特征进行了深入分析,并从污染负荷、气候影响、产业地域布局、产业结构调整、环境管理和污染防治措施等方面深入探讨了产生这种变化趋势和污染特征的内在原因。     

相山矿田铀矿地质研究进展与趋势

相山铀矿是华南最大的产于火山-侵入杂岩体中的热液脉型铀矿田。文章对相山铀矿地质研究的历史进行了简略回顾,重点阐述了铀矿地质研究的新进展,主要有:火山杂岩时代为早白垩世、火山岩浆具有反方向演化特点,成矿作用是一个相对连续的演化过程,铀矿类型归属斑岩型,属于与燕山晚期火山-斑岩作用有关的铀或铀-多金属矿床成矿系列。最后,文章展望了未来的研究方向。     

Site‐Occupancy Distribution Modeling to Correct Population‐Trend Estimates Derived from Opportunistic Observations

Abstract: Species’ assessments must frequently be derived from opportunistic observations made by volunteers (i.e., citizen scientists). Interpretation of the resulting data to estimate population trends is plagued with problems, including teasing apart genuine population trends from variations in observation effort. We devised a way to correct for annual variation in effort when estimating trends in occupancy (species distribution) from faunal or floral databases of opportunistic observations. First, for all surveyed sites, detection histories (i.e., strings of detection–nondetection records) are generated. Within‐season replicate surveys provide information on the detectability of an occupied site. Detectability directly represents observation effort; hence, estimating detectablity means correcting for observation effort. Second, site‐occupancy models are applied directly to the detection‐history data set (i.e., without aggregation by site and year) to estimate detectability and species distribution (occupancy, i.e., the true proportion of sites where a species occurs). Site‐occupancy models also provide unbiased estimators of components of distributional change (i.e., colonization and extinction rates). We illustrate our method with data from a large citizen‐science project in Switzerland in which field ornithologists record opportunistic observations. We analyzed data collected on four species: the widespread Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) and Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) and the scarce Rock Thrush (Monticola saxatilis) and Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria). Our method requires that all observed species are recorded. Detectability was <1 and varied over the years. Simulations suggested some robustness, but we advocate recording complete species lists (checklists), rather than recording individual records of single species. The representation of observation effort with its effect on detectability provides a solution to the problem of differences in effort encountered when extracting trend information from haphazard observations. We expect our method is widely applicable for global biodiversity monitoring and modeling of species distributions.     

Global Major Progress and Trends in the Implementation of Agenda 21

This paper summarizes, from a global perspective, the major progress in the implementation of the Agenda 21 since the UN Conference on Environment and Development. The results show that global economy has achieved a substantial growth, and positive progress has been made in poverty eradication, urbanization, and conservation and intensive use of natural resources. However, relevant international conventions and commitments have not yet been completely fulfilled. The paper further analyzes the current major challenges and future trends of global sustainable development. It is argued that there are three major challenges:1) fatal global environmental issues posing an increasing threat to human survival; 2) more and more severe global competition for developing spaces; and 3) issues highlighting global people’s livelihood. There are four trends of global sustainable development:1) sustainable development will further turn from concept into global action; 2) green will be the main trend of global development; 3) emerging developing countries will become the main driving force of global sustainable development; and 4) international relations in the field of sustainable development will turn to competitive co-operation.     

东北北部地区地震活动与震后早期趋势判断

研究了 190 0年以来我国东北北部地区浅源中强震活动的特征。结果表明 ,地震活动具有突发性、成组性和序列地震数量少的特点。应根据本区地震活动特点 ,开展震后早期趋势预测 ,以最大限度地减轻地震灾害。     

重庆市道路交通噪声现状、变化趋势及对策

根据十几年来重庆道路交通噪声监测资料，对重庆市道路交通噪声状况，变化趋势进行了分析研究，分析了道路交通噪声污染的原因，提出了改善声环境质量的对策建议。     

南黄海6.1级地震的灰色预测

曾用灰色系统方法预测１９９６年全年的地震趋势，本次南黄海Ｍｓ６．１级地震的发生表明震级和时间的预测效果较好，因而认为作为一种手段，灰色系统方法可以加入地震综合预报的行列     

我国危险废物管理现状及发展趋势

本文介绍了我国危险废物产生量、分布特点、管理现状及发展趋势 ,分析了我国地方及云南省危险废物管理中存在的问题 ,提出了解决问题的对策和建议。     

深圳西部城区大气O3污染特征及超标成因

利用近5a深圳西部城区（大学城）大气臭氧（O₃）在线监测数据,结合深圳大学城超级站大气复合污染综合观测,获取了大气O₃演变趋势,并探究O₃超标日气象条件及其前体物的组成变化以期掌握大气O₃超标成因.结果表明,深圳大学城大气O₃日最大8h平均体积分数上升速度达1.1×10^-9/a,超标率达到6%以上.高温低湿的气象条件更容易促进大气O₃生成,高温时光化学反应强烈有利于O₃的本地生成,而低湿可能不利于O₃的湿去除从而导致污染积累.挥发性有机物（VOCs）不同组分在O₃超标日上升幅度（70%~95%）明显高于NOx（28%）,且O₃高值浓度分布在高VOCs低NOx区域,说明深圳大学城大气O₃生成主要受VOCs控制.O₃超标日的甲苯与苯比值（T/B）在夜间超过10表明可能存在大量工业排放;而含氧挥发性有机物（OVOCs）在午间（12：00~14：00）的消耗相较于非超标日高出了1倍左右,表明工业活动排放的OVOCs对白天O₃生成可能贡献显著.